<p>The Obediah Barber Homestead is a late-19th century homestead of Obediah Barber . The homestead was built in 1870 and is near the northern edge of the Okefenokee Swamp in Ware County, Georgia, 7 miles south of Waycross, Georgia. Barber, who was known as the "King of the Swamp", was a great explorer of the swamp. The main house, the detached kitchen, and the well were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Today the site is run as a museum to show typical life of the late 1800s in the area. There are over 20 structures, but none of them are original except the main house and the kitchen. The site features a large collection of pre-mechanical farming equipment and a moonshine still. It contains a nature trail and few animals.</p><br>
<h2>Photos</h2><br>
<p>Richmond Island, or Richmonds Island, is an island off the coast of Cape Elizabeth in Cumberland County, Maine, in the United States. The islands name honors Ludovic Stewart, 2nd Duke of Lennox and 1st Duke of Richmond. Privately owned and unoccupied, it is notable as the site of a permanent fishing post in the 17th century, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 for the significance of that post&#39;s archaeological remains.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Richmond Island is located off the southern coast of Cape Elizabeth, near the northeastern end of Saco Bay in the Gulf of Maine. The island is 226 acre in size. The island has no permanent occupants, and the only structures on it are a lodge, keeper&#39;s quarters, and boat dock, located on its northwestern shore. The island is privately owned by the Sprague Corporation, through which permission to camp on the island can be arranged.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island&#39;s first known settler was Walter Bagnall, who operated a fishing station from 1627 to 1631, the year of his death at the hands of local Native Americans. In 1631 Robert Trelawney, an English merchant, was granted a patent for land in the area,</p><br>
<p>Tomb of Sikandar Lodi  is the tomb of the second ruler of the Lodi Dynasty, Sikandar Lodi  situated in New Delhi, India. The tomb is situated in Lodhi Gardens in Delhi and was built in 1517–1518 CE by his son Ibrahim Lodi. The monument is situated 100 meters away from the Bara Gumbad and the area in which it is situated was formally called village Khairpur.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Sikandar Lodi (born Nizam Khan), was the Sultan of Delhi between 1489 and 1517 CE and was the son of Bahlul Lodi. After the death of this father in 1489, Sikandar Lodhi assumed the reign the same year and ruled until his death in 1517 CE. Upon Sikandar Lodi&#39;s death in 1517 CE, his son Ibrahim Lodi built the tomb. The Tomb of Sikandar Lodi was inspired in parts by the tomb of Muhammad Shah which is also situated in the Lodhi Gardens.</p><br>
<h2>Construction and architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Tomb of Sikandar Lodi was inspired in parts by the tomb of Muhammad Shah. It has octagonal design and the architectural style is Indo-Islamic. The tomb is the first garden tomb in Indian subcontinent and is India’s earliest surviving enclosed garden tomb.</p><br>
<p>The tomb is enclosed within a fortified complex (entered from a south facing gateway) with the main entrance having two umbrella shaped domes (pavilions) which was designed to preserve the symmetry and relative proportions of the body of the building. Both pavilions on the square platform in the front have remains of blue tiles. The tomb is situated in the middle of a large garden and tall boundary walls. Tomb chamber is surrounded by a wide veranda with carved pillars with each side pierced by three arches and the angles occupied by sloping buttresses.</p><br>
<p>Tomb walls have Mughal architectural designs and many foreign languages have been inscribed on the walls. The tomb is decorated with enameled tiles of various colors. Inside the complex, the western wall has been built to serve as a wall mosque also since the Quibla is indicated through arches and paved area in the front.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Tomb of Sikandar Lodi is located in and is a part of the Lodhi Gardens in Delhi, India. The village, where the monument stands was earlier called Khairpur. The garden is bounded by Amrita Shergill Marg in the West, North-West and North, Max MuellerMarg on the East and Lodhi Road on the South Side. Safdarjang Tomb is situated on South-West corner of the Lodhi Garden.</p><br>
<p>St. John&#39;s Lutheran Church is a historic Lutheran church located in Harrison Township, Elkhart County, Indiana. It was built in 1852–1853 by Albert Galentine, and is a one-story, Greek Revival style frame meeting house. It has entrances for men and women and shuttered windows. The building measures 31 ft wide by 35 ft deep. The property also includes the contributing church cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Services at the church ended in 1894 after John Rarick, the congregations largest financial supporter, moved to the Elkhart area. The cemetery and building are owned by the St. Johns Cemetery Association. The church and its cemetery were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>On July 1, 2014, a storm with straight-line winds tore the eastern half of the roof off the church, dumping the debris onto the lawn and an adjacent corn field. Several tombstones were also toppled or broken off. Volunteers placed a tarp over the structure until a permanent repair could be made. Repairs were delayed because the St. John&#39;s Cemetery Association had been legally dissolved in 2009. Papers were finally signed on October 1, 2014 to give Harrison Township ownership. The township planned to obtain donations and grants to effect the repairs.</p><br>
<p>Dun Evan or the Doune of Cawdor is a hill fort located 2.5 km south west of Cawdor in the Highland area of Scotland. It is situated on a rocky hill that rises to 678 ft above ordnance datum between the valleys of the River Nairn and its tributary the Allt Dearg. The site has a wide view in all directions, extending to the mouth of the River Nairn at the town of Nairn, 7 miles to the north east on the shore of the Moray Firth. Dun Evan is scheduled by Historic Scotland as a site of national importance.</p><br>
<p>A ruined wall surrounds the summit of the hill, enclosing an area measuring 58 m by 25 m, surviving to an average internal height of 0.4 m and spread to a width of up to 10 m. Facing stones and traces of vitrification were recorded from this wall in 1963 and a dip in the wall in the north east suggests it was the entrance to the enclosure. A wall enclosing a smaller area of the summit marks a second phase of the defences, probably built with stones removed from the fortifications of the earlier phase. The small size of the stones of the inner walls of the fort suggest that they were timber-laced. Within the fort a circular depression measuring approximately 3.5 m in diameter and 0.6 m deep has been interpreted as a well or a cistern.</p><br>
<p>The fort is surrounded by a series of outer defences further down the flanks of the rock, including a 180 ft arc of ruined walling and earthworks to the south west, and a similar 130 ft arc to the north east. Within the north east tip of this second arc is a further defensive wall whose surviving height was measured in 1957 as up to 14 ft, and which extended about 60 ft back to the southern apex of the rock This was connected to the outer arc by two parallel radial stretches of wall about 25 ft to 35 ft apart, which together formed a rectilinear plan which may represent a building or reinforcing cross-walls, but appear to have been built on a larger scale than the rest of the defences.</p><br>
<p>Lake Bonny, or Bonny Lake  is a lake in Polk County, Florida, in the United States. It has a surface area of 249 acre, a mean depth of 3 ft and a maximum depth of 11 ft. The lake is a part of the Peace River - Saddle Creek Watershed.</p><br>
<p>Some believe the Bonny Lake derives its name from the bony fish caught in the lake, while others say the lakes name honors a local pioneer with the name Boney. The lake borders the 113 acre Lake Bonny Park, Bonny Shores Mobile Home Park, Southeastern University and the Lake-To-Lake Trail. In 2013, the city of Lakeland opened Lakeland Skatepark, a $1.3 million state-of-the-art skate facility at Lake Bonny Park, which has been used in photo shoots by Nike and other national advertisers. The skate park won the "Build It" award from the American Planning Associations Florida chapter.</p><br>
<h2>Little Lake Bonny</h2><br>
<p>The lake is usually conjoined with Little Lake Bonny on its southeastern corner, except in periods of drought.</p><br>
<p>The Waldalgesheim chariot burial  was a 4th-century BC Celtic princely chariot burial site in Waldalgesheim, Germany, discovered in 1869.</p><br>
<p>It has given its name to the "Waldalgesheim Style" of artifacts of the La Tène culture, a more fluid and confident style of decoration than early Celtic art, with Greek and Etruscan influences. The objects from the burial site were dug up by the farmer who found them on his land. The site was not investigated by archaeologists, and has recently been covered by a housing development.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>Waldalgesheim is in the middle Rhine valley to the west of the point where the Rhine is joined by the Nahe.</p><br>
<p>The first objects were found there by the plowman Peter Heckert on 18 October 1869 while digging holes to plant beets.</p><br>
<p>He did not attach any importance to them at first, but a passer-by said they could be historically important.</p><br>
<p>Eventually a Bingen antique dealer bought the pieces for 450 Thaler.</p><br>
<p>Heckert continued to explore, and eventually found over 30 pieces.</p><br>
<p>It was not until the 20th century that it was recognized that the objects dated to the 4th century BC.</p><br>
<p>Objects from the site including gold rings and a bronze pot are held in the Rheinischen Landesmuseum in Bonn.</p><br>
<p>After the objects had been found the exact location was forgotten and no effort was made to preserve the site.</p><br>
<p>In 1997 Professor Michael Schönherr tried to organize an investigation of the arable area where the site was presumed to be located, based on fragmentary records.</p><br>
<p>He received no response from the state archaeologists apart from a request not to publish the location since that could attract looters.</p><br>
<p>In 2002 it emerged that there were plans to build housing over the plot.</p><br>
<h2>Contents</h2><br>
<p>The Waldalgesheimer chariot burial is one of the most important finds from the early Celtic period.</p><br>
<p>The grave dates from about 330 BC.</p><br>
<p>It was a wooden chamber under a barrow mound, with the fragments of a two-wheeled chariot to one side.</p><br>
<p>The burial dates from the La Tène Iron Age of the Rhineland.</p><br>
<p>From the absence of warrior equipment and presence of jewelry the burial is presumed to be of a woman.</p><br>
<p>Based on the rich array of grave goods, it is thought to have been that of a Celtic princess.</p><br>
<p>The objects mostly belong to the La Tène B period, apart from a spouted flagon, which is older.</p><br>
<p>The funerary offerings include gold ornaments, a bronze flagon, a bucket and bronze plaques with repoussé human figures.</p><br>
<p>The finest of the ornaments were a gold torc, an arm ring and two bracelets.</p><br>
<p>The torc and the bracelets were decorated with low-relief "Waldalgesheim style" designs.</p><br>
<p>The style of the objects show influences from eastern France and southern Italy.</p><br>
<p>The bronze bucket from Campania probably dates to the second quarter of the 4th century BC, or soon after.</p><br>
<p>The artifacts also include the fittings of the chariot.</p><br>
<p>The harness and belt attachments have similar styles of ornament to the personal jewelry.</p><br>
<p>Two similar sheets of bronze, badly damaged, are decorated with repoussé busts ornamented with the new style.</p><br>
<p>The flagon is in Early Style.</p><br>
<p>It is at least a generation older than the other objects.</p><br>
<p>The precise engraving indicates that the flagon was made by skilled and specialized smiths.</p><br>
<p>It is heavily worn on the body, where it would have been held when pouring, showing that it was already old when it was buried.</p><br>
<p>The flagon has a flattened pedestal base, a pot belly and a tubular spout.</p><br>
<p>Similar vessels have been found as far apart as Eigenbilzen in Belgium and Dürrnberg in Austria, and pottery versions have also been found.</p><br>
<p>There is a benign human face at the foot of the flagons handle, and a stylized rams head at the upper end of the handle.</p><br>
<p>A horse decorates the lid of the flagon, showing eastern influences. Similarities with a gilt-bronze spouted flagon found at Reinheim indicate the same artist may have made both, or they may have been made by artists from the same school.</p><br>
<p>The flagon and the bronze bucket seem to have been more deeply buried than the gold torc and bracelets, which has been taken as possible evidence of two burials at different dates.</p><br>
<p>However, it is entirely possible that the older objects were heirlooms buried at the same time as the more recent jewelry.</p><br>
<h2>Waldalgesheim style</h2><br>
<p>The term "Waldalgesheim Style" was coined by Paul Jacobsthal (1880–1957) for objects with similar style to those found at Waldalgesheim.</p><br>
<p>It continues to draw on classical Celtic plant motifs, but marks the highest artistic level of the early Le Tene period with its confident interpretation and execution.</p><br>
<p>There is disagreement about the origin of the style, with no reason to suppose that it first appeared in the Rhineland.</p><br>
<p>For this reason, some archaeologists prefer the term "vegetal" to reflect the emphasis on design derived from plants, and particularly from tendrils.</p><br>
<p>However, it is not the only style to use such motifs, and it included motifs unrelated to plants.</p><br>
<p>Metalwork in this style appeared throughout Celtic Europe after about 350 BC.</p><br>
<p>The style shows influence from the Early Style, but generally has been found in different locations apart from the Marne region of the north of France.</p><br>
<p>Although the Waldalgesheimer objects were found in a late barrow, Waldalgesheimer style objects are more often found in flat cemeteries in southern Germany, Switzerland, Italy and central and southeast Europe.</p><br>
<p>Some archaeologists see Waldalgesheimer influences in British objects, but this is questionable.</p><br>
<p>The decorative style is found on different types of objects in different regions: sword sheaths in Italy, fibulae in Switzerland and neck rings in France.</p><br>
<p>This indicates that the style was developed by specialized local craftsmen who adapted new decorative designs from Greek models, as opposed to being spread by traveling craftsmen.</p><br>
<p>The Waldalgesheimer style is less naturalistic than the Early Style, with plant motifs that characteristically flow into each other in a continuous manner.</p><br>
<p>The designs subtly incorporate elements of human and animal faces and bodies.</p><br>
<p>Sometimes the designs incorporate chains of triskels, or curved-sided triangles.</p><br>
<p>The style includes sinuous tendrils and scrolls and asymmetrical plant spirals.</p><br>
<p>The low-relief compositions have over-and-under patterns.</p><br>
<p>Megaw (1970) has called the style "assured irrationality".</p><br>
<p>Two basic themes are the serpentine scroll and the lyre-motif, often combined with palmette.</p><br>
<p>The parade armor helmets found in Amfreville-sous-les-Monts and in Agris are examples of the style.</p><br>
<p>The Agris Helmet is remarkable as an example of high-status Le Tene metalwork which may have been buried as a ritual offering to the underworld spirits. The upper and lower panels of the helmet are decorated with unconnected palmettes, and the central panel with a series of S-curves, again unconnected. The infilling designs on the center panel show similarities to the Waldalgesheim objects, while the ornament of the neck-guard shows a freer experiment with a sinuous composition.</p><br>
<p>Beardsley Avenue Historic District is a national historic district located at Elkhart, Elkhart County, Indiana. The district encompasses 41 contributing buildings, 3 contributing sites, 2 contributing structures, and 2 contributing objects in a predominantly residential section of Elkhart. It was developed after 1848, and includes residences in a number of architectural styles including Prairie School and Beaux Arts. Located in the district are the separately listed Dr. Havilah Beardsley House and Ruthmere Mansion. Other notable contributing resources are Island Park, Beardsley Park, the Main Street Memorial Bridge, St. Paul&#39;s Methodist Church, and the Best House.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>Elkhart Downtown Commercial Historic District is a national historic district located at Elkhart, Elkhart County, Indiana. The district encompasses 59 contributing buildings in the central business district of Elkhart. It was developed between about 1868 and 1930, and includes notable examples of Italianate, Queen Anne, and Classical Revival style architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed Green Block, Lerner Theatre, and Young Women&#39;s Christian Association. Other notable buildings include the Cornish Block , Franklin Street Station , Menges Building , former Post Office , Midwest Museum of Modern Art , Elkhart Water Company, Masonic Temple, Rowe Block , and Dreves Building .</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>The Hannibal Hamlin House is a historic house at 15 5th Street in Bangor, Maine. Built c. 1848-51, this well-preserved Italianate house was the home of United States Vice President Hannibal Hamlin from 1862 until his death in 1891. From 1933 until 2007 it served as the official residence of the president of Bangor Theological Seminary. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Hamlin House is located on the northwest side of 5th Street, just south of Hammond Street in a residential area west of Bangor&#39;s downtown area. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a mansard roof (a later addition) that provides for a full third floor. The front portion of the house has flushboard siding, while the rear ell is clapboarded. The roof is composed of decoratively cut slate shingles, and has paired brackets in the eaves. The street-facing facade is two bays wide, with a hip-roof porch extending across its width, supported by square posts with paired brackets at the top. The main entrance is on the northeast side, under a similar porch with a projecting vestibule.</p><br>
<p>The house was built sometime between 1848 and 1851 by William T. Hilliard, a clerk of the local court and deputy collector of customs. It was purchased in 1862 by Hannibal Hamlin, during his single term as Vice President of the United States under Abraham Lincoln. Hamlin made this house is home until his death in 1891, adding the mansard roof and third story in 1870. Hamlin was from 1836 to his death a major figure in Maine politics, serving the state legislature, the United States Congress (both House and Senate), as first a Democrat and from 1856, as a Republican. He also briefly served as Governor of Maine in 1857.</p><br>
<p>In 1933 Hamlin&#39;s son donated the house to the Bangor Theological Seminary, which used it for many years as the official residence of its president. The house was sold (along with the rest of the seminary campus) to developers in 2007.</p><br>
<p>Goshen Historic District is a national historic district located at Goshen, Elkhart County, Indiana. The district encompasses 751 contributing buildings and 1 contributing site in the central business district and surrounding residential sections of Goshen. It was developed between about 1840 and 1930, and includes notable examples of Italianate and Queen Anne style architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed Elkhart County Courthouse and Goshen Carnegie Public Library. Other notable buildings include the Kindy Block , Central Block , Spohn Building , Harper Block , Noble Building , Jefferson Theater , General Baptist Church , First Methodist Church , and St. James Episcopal Church .</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Knock of Alves is a small wooded hill that lies 3 mi to the west of Elgin in Moray, Scotland, and rises to 335 ft above ordnance datum. Its summit is today marked by York Tower – a 3-storey octagonal folly erected in 1827 to commemorate Prince Frederick, the Duke of York; and the Forteath Mausoleum – built in 1850 as the burial place of 7 members of the Forteath family of the nearby house of Newton.</p><br>
<p>The hill is the site of a hill fort commonly classed as a member of a group that also includes Craig Phadrig and Knock Farril to the west and Tap o&#39; Noth and Dunnideer to the south east. These are characterised as massively constructed oblong forts, commonly exhibiting evidence of vitrification.</p><br>
<p>The fort was surveyed by the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland in 1957. The innermost enclosure measured 125 ft from east to west and 75 ft from north to south and was marked by crestlines and boulders to the east and south, and by more conspicuous though still ruined remains of a wall to the west and north. This was contained within a second enclosure measuring 415 ft by 75 ft that was marked by a clear line of large facing stones along the south west. The entrance to both enclosures lay on the east, and the smaller enclosure may therefore have been a later structure built over the ruins of the larger one. A third wall surrounded both inner enclosures and was represented only by tumbled stones to the east and north, but by a more substantial scarp studded with stones and boulders to the west and south.</p><br>
<p>Two outer ramparts run around the lower slopes of the hill. These were made up of rubble and earth, with the inner enclosing an area measuring 500 ft from east to west and 180 ft from north to south, and the outer lying 18 ft further out for most of its length.</p><br>
<p>It is traditionally believed that there was an early Christian church, possibly Culdean, on top of the hill, though no traces of this have been found.</p><br>
<p>On the south side of the hill, approximately 200 m from York Tower and the summit, is a stone circle consisting of six boulders of up to 1.3 m in height, arranged with an overall diameter of 10 m.</p><br>
<p>The Missouri-Pacific Railroad Depot-Hot Springs is a historic former railroad station at Broadway and Market Street in Hot Springs, Arkansas. It is a single-story masonry structure, roughly V-shaped due to the triangular parcel, with a tile hip roof with broad eaves supported by Italianate wooden brackets. A Tuscan tower rises above the station, and its walls consist of bays of compound round-arch windows. The station was built c. 1917 by the Missouri-Pacific Railroad, and is a major reminder of the importance of the railroad to the growth and success of Hot Springs as a resort community.</p><br>
<p>It is now used as the Transportation hub for Hot Springs Intracity Transit, as well as a Greyhound Bus Station.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Lott Cemetery is a cemetery in Waycross, Georgia that was established in 1877. It occupies the block bounded by Butler, Tebeau, Quarterman, and Pendleton streets. There were no areas designated for religious or ethnic groups. African-American graves are along the western edge. Several veterans of the Confederate States Army are also buried there. It was the main cemetery in the city until the Oakland Cemetery was created in 1901 and the Aftican-American Pine Hill Cemetery in 1907. There is a wide variety of funerary art in the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<h2>Photos</h2><br>
<p>Lott Cemetery -1, Waycross, GA, US.jpg</p><br>
<p>Lott Cemetery -3, Waycross, GA, US.jpg</p><br>
<p>Lott Cemetery -4, Waycross, GA, US.jpg</p><br>
<p>Lott Cemetery -5, Waycross, GA, US.jpg</p><br>
<p>The Jonesboro Grange No. 357 is a historic Grange hall on Harrington Road  in Jonesboro, Maine. Built between 1908 and 1916, it has served as the primary social and community event hall in the small rural community for more than 100 years. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Jonesboro Grange is located in the town&#39;s dispersed rural village, on the south side of Harrington Road (US 1), the principal east-west artery in the region. It is a 1-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a front-facing gable roof, clapboard siding, and a poured concrete foundation. Its front facade is symmetrical, with a pair of sash windows flanking a double-leaf entrance that is topped by a three-light transom window. A small sash window is set in the gable above. The first-floor windows on the front and sides are flanked by three-board shutters, and have small flower boxes below the sill. The interior is divided into a foyer space and main hall, with stairs leading up to a balcony and down to the full basement in one corner of the foyer. The interior of the foyer and main hall are finished in vertical bead-board wainscoting, with plaster above in the foyer and painted tin on the main hall. The basement is partially finished, providing a kitchen and dining space as well as storage.</p><br>
<p>The Jonesboro Grange was organized in 1900, a period of significant growth of the organization in Maine, and originally met in the town office building. In 1904 planning began for the construction of a meeting hall. Land was purchased in 1907, construction of the exterior was completed in 1910, and the interior was finished in 1916. The building was originally located 18 ft west of its present location, and was moved in 1956 to accommodate a widened Harrington Road. At that time a new foundation was poured, and the fixtures of the original basement were relocated to the new basement. The building was electrified in 1927.</p><br>
<p>The Jonesboro Grange has, since its inception, been an organizing force for community events, and its hall has been a social and community event space. The Grange organizes events on the Fourth of July and during the Christmas holiday period, and provides the only public kitchen in the rural community. In the late 1950s it also acted as a temporary school during renovations to the town&#39;s high school.</p><br>
<p>The C.A. Brown Cottage is a historic summer house at 9 Delano Park in Cape Elizabeth, Maine. Built in 1886-87, it is a fine local example of the Shingle Style then popular for such properties, and is an important mature work in that style of Portland architect John Calvin Stevens. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The C.A. Brown Cottage is located on the eastern shore of Cape Elizabeth, just south of Portland Head Light, overlooking Casco Bay. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a weathered wood shingle exterior and a fieldstone foundation. It is basically rectangular in plan, with a double-gable roof whose gables are joined by a higher cross gable. The end of the cross gable projects over a porch recessed under a continuation of the roofline of the other gable, with stone pier supports. The upper level under the cross gable originally had an open loggia, but this has since been enclosed. An ell extends to the rear, its gambrel roof oriented on the same axis as the transverse gable.</p><br>
<p>The house was designed by John Calvin Stevens and built in 1886-87. Stevens was a proponent of an organic form of architecture, in which the building materials were harmonized with their surroundings. This is exemplified in this house by the use of fieldstone similar to the bedrock on which the house rests, and the use of wood shingles. The house received favorable publication reviews in architectural publications in 1886 and 1890, and was included by Stevens in his own book.</p><br>
<p>Fuyan Cave is a complex of limestone caves in Tangbei village, Lefutang town, Daoxian, Hunan province, south central China famous for the discovery of the oldest evidence for unambiguously fully modern humans outside Africa. 47 human teeth, dating to between 80,000 and 120,000 years ago, were discovered at Fuyan Cave. The teeth are also unusual for showing signs of cavities, a feature typically not found in teeth older than 50,000 years.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Fuyan consists of three caves connected by tunnels. The cave system has a volume of 3,000 m&sup3; and ranges over 3 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery</h2><br>
<p>Fuyan Cave was discovered in 1984. The cave is located at latitude 25°39′02.7″N, longitude 111°28′49.2″E, at 232 m above sea level.</p><br>
<p>The cave was excavated in 2011 over an area of 20 m&sup2;. The 2011 excavation revealed 5 hominin teeth and fossil remains from 39 different mammalians species, including some extinct ones. The cave was excavated in 2011 and in 2013. The teeth were all discovered in the middle cave.</p><br>
<h2>Dating</h2><br>
<p>The teeth were dated by dating nearby stalagmites. The stalagmites were dated to at least 80,000 years. Since the teeth were found under rock over which the stalagmites had grown, the teeth must be older than 80,000 years old.</p><br>
<h2>Implications</h2><br>
<p>The discovery is important for many reasons. Previous to this discovery, the earliest evidence for fully modern humans outside the Arabian Peninsula (Tianyuan Cave, Niah Cave, Mungo Man) dates to around 40,000 to 50,000 years, so the discovery at Fuyan Cave provides evidence showing that humans migrated out of Africa a lot earlier than previously assumed. Thirdly, the discovery shows that modern humans arrived in southern China when there was an older, more primitive hominin present in northern China. Lastly, the discovery shows that modern humans were present in Asia at a time when there is no evidence for fully modern humans in Europe (43,000 BC), which is perhaps explained by the presence of Neanderthals in Europe preventing the entry of the modern humans.</p><br>
<p>The Norman Town Square is a public park at the center of Norman, Arkansas. It is bounded by 9th Street and Golf Course Road to the north and south, and Arkansas Highway 8 and Gurdon Avenue to the east and west. The park is about 1.5 acre in size, and is mostly open lawn, with a low stone retaining wall on the street-facing edges. The town library, built in 1935 with funding from the Works Progress Administration, stands at the center of the park, and there are four diamond-shaped flower planting areas located near the corners of the park, built in 1937 with WPA funding. It is the only known Depression-era town square laid out and built in Montgomery County.</p><br>
<p>The park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>The West Kortright Centre is a non-profit arts & community center in Delaware County, New York.</p><br>
<p>In 1975, local residents rallied to save the defunct West Kortright Presbyterian Church, and the building began its second life of service as the West Kortright Centre.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Artists presented at the West Kortright Centre over the past 40 years include composers John Cage, Meredith Monk, Peter Schickele, and Virgil Thomson; poets Allen Ginsberg, Sekou Sundiata, and Hayden Carruth; bluegrass, country, and roots musicians Rhonda Vincent, J.D. Crowe, The Cox Family, Claire Lynch, Rail Road Earth, Mary Gauthier, and Linda & Robin Williams; traditional musicians Queen Ida and her Zydeco Band, Solas, Fairfield Four, Vässen, Johnny Cunningham, Susan McKeown, Karan Casey, and Barachois; Naumburg Chamber Music award winners; jazz performers Jack DeJohnette, Teddy Wilson, Mulgrew Miller, Kenny Burrell, Jacky Terrasson, Steve Lacy, Sonny Fortune, and Dakota Staton; folk musicians Greg Brown, Leo Kottke, Amos Lee, Odetta, The Roches, Ramblin’ Jack Elliot, Nellie McKay, and Richie Havens; blues musicians Mose Allison, Henry Butler, Clarence “Gatemouth” Brown, John P. Hammond, The Holmes Brothers, James Cotton, Olu Dara, Pinetop Perkins, and Junior Wells; monologists Paul Zaloom; and international performers including Antibalas Afrobeat Orchestra, Hassan Hakmoun, Bhundu Boys, Luciana Souza, Kanda Bongo Man, The Skatalites, Susana Baca, Oregon, and Vocal Sampling.</p><br>
<p>Alfredsons Joinery is a heritage-listed workshop at 28 King Street, Cooran, Shire of Noosa, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1930s to 1950s. It is also known as Alfredsons Pre-Cut House Workshop and Alfredson&#39;s Sawmill. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 November 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Alfredson&#39;s joinery, pre-cut house workshop and sawmill complex at 28 King Street Cooran is evidence of the long history of timber-based industry in the Noosa Shire and North Coast region. The business was also involved in efforts to address the post-World War II housing shortage. The multi-level timber building, built on a sloping site with a combination of gabled, saw tooth and skillion rooflines, provides intact evidence of a timber-based family business premises that was operated, expanded and adapted between 1933 and 1990.</p><br>
<p>Timber was the stimulus for the development of Noosa Shire. Development of the area was underway by the mid-1860s with timber getters active along the Noosa River and Kin Kin Creek. Around 1870 the township of Cooran began as a coach stop on the road from Tewantin to Gympie. This road was formed after a sawmill was established c.1870 at Mill Point, Lake Cootharaba, to supply the Gympie goldfield with timber. Logs from the mill, owned by McGhie, Luya and Co, were towed down the Noosa River to a depot at Tewantin. The railway arrived at Cooran from Gympie in June 1889, which helped the district to develop as an agricultural and timber centre. Shops were built along King Street in Cooran opposite the railway line, and the town became an important centre for loading local goods, freight, timber and produce onto the train. However, after the North Coast Railway between Gympie and Brisbane was completed in July 1891 the town of Cooroy, further south, became the main rail centre for access to Tewantin.</p><br>
<p>Timber continued to be important to the economy of Cooran. Albert Doyle was sawmilling at Cooran by 1907, and other sawmillers operating in the town prior to World War II included Renshaw and Loseby, George Renshaw, and Straker and Company. Dairy farming also grew as an industry in the Noosa Shire, and butter factories were opened at Kin Kin (1914), Cooroy (1915), Pomona (1919) and Eumundi (1920). During the 1920s the Shire boomed, and a 1926 newspaper report on a typical load of goods dispatched from Cooran by train included: bananas, beans, gooseberries, pigs, butter, case timber and log timber, cream, and opossums.</p><br>
<p>Mervyn William Henry Alfredson, born in Nambour in 1912, started his apprenticeship as a cabinetmaker with Page Furnishers in Pomona, and completed it in Gympie. He then returned to Cooran, where his father, Thorvald P Alfredson, was the Cooran railway station master. In May 1933 Mervyn Alfredson purchased 37.7 perches of land opposite the railway station from Alice McIlwraith and set up a woodworking shop. In 1937 he married Mavis Miller, and for about six months they lived under the woodworking shop, placing timber from glass packing cases around the stumps to enclose the area. No evidence of this habitation remains under the present joinery. They then moved into a house at number 7 Henry Street, which has been occupied by the Alfredson family from to the present day, except for a period in the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>Alfredson is first listed in the Queensland Country Post Office Directory of 1939, as a "Joinery & Cabinet Maker". As he was in a reserved industry, he was rejected for defence service during World War II, but his workshop supplied the Australian Army with tent floors, tent pegs and other items. In September 1942 Alfredson purchased an additional three roods and 11 perches of land from Alice McIlwraith, to the south and west of his original workshop. In July 1944 the Widgee sawmill near Gympie was purchased to supply timber to Alfredson&#39;s operation, and M.W. Alfredson & Company was also formed that year. In October 1944 title for a one quarter share in the total landholding of one acre and 8.7 perches went to Robert R. Brown, with the other three quarter shares being held by Mervyn Alfredson.</p><br>
<p>Alfredsons joinery complex appears to have been extended to the south and west, and given a skylight, in the late 1930s; and it was extended again to the south by the 1960s. By the mid 1960s the front (north) elevation of the joinery was truncated at an angle on the eastern side, as earlier photographs of this elevation do not display the current angle. The pre-cut house workshop and sawmill to the south of the joinery seem to post-date 1946. According to archived Queensland Forestry Department correspondence, in November 1946 Alfredson was seeking advice on the design of a timber seasoning yard, and was intending to erect a drying kiln and a boric acid treatment plant "in conjunction with his furniture factory and sawmill". A sketch from this time appears to show the joinery and a sawmill to its south and west. Apparently Alfredsons did have a sawmill on the western side of the joinery during the 1940s and 1950s, but they then lost the forestry license for this sawmill, and had to rely on the Widgee sawmill thereafter. However, there is still a sawmilling section at the south end of the pre-cut house workshop.</p><br>
<p>By the early 1950s Alfredson had devised a system, based on ideas he had read about in journals, of pre-cutting morticed and tenoned house frames. In partnership with Queensland Pastoral Supplies (QPS), a company which sent mail order catalogues to country customers and with whom Alfredson had worked previously, he started manufacturing pre-cut houses. The houses, their timber bundled together and stencilled for ease of assembly, were despatched on rail cars from Cooran railway station. They were delivered with all their components from the stump caps up, with quantity lists and plans, mouldings, doors and windows, hardware and roofing.</p><br>
<p>Pre-cut houses are sometimes referred to as "prefabricated", but more advanced forms of prefabrication involve whole walls, sections, or the complete house being manufactured off the building site, before transportation and assembly on site. Although prefabricated houses represent an attempt to bring the time and cost efficiencies of the factory assembly line to the building sector, they have never been popular, other than in times of absolute necessity.</p><br>
<p>However, pre-cut (or kit) houses have been commercially successful in Australia since at least the early 20th century, perhaps because they provided an answer to labour shortages in rural areas without carrying the stigma of being fully prefabricated. One of most successful Queensland firms supplying pre-cut houses (to country districts only) in the early 20th century was Brisbanes James Campbell & Sons Ltd; Campbell Redicut Homes was established in 1903. A Campbells catalogue c.1920 announced that all frame timber was cut, shaped and finished to set plans. The frame was erected at Campbell & Sons&#39; Albion mill yards to test the fit, and the timbers were marked before disassembly. All materials, including cladding and joinery (doors, window sashes, railings, steps, and mouldings) were then despatched to their destination by steamer or train.</p><br>
<p>Brown and Broad Ltd also operated in the pre-cut house market in Queensland prior to World War I, under the trade name of "Newstead Ready-to-Erect Homes", while Rooney and Co of Townsville provided pre- cut houses to North Queensland rural areas. However, the do-it- yourself trend grew after World War II, and pre-cut houses provided one answer to the high demand and high labour costs of the 1945 to 1960 period. For example, by 1952, there were about 15 local companies manufacturing pre-cut houses in Sydney. Although pre-cut houses increased in popularity, they were still only a small fraction of total Australian housing starts, and demand peaked in the early 1950s, before falling away in the late 1950s.</p><br>
<p>Queensland Pastoral Supplies does not appear to have entered the pre-cut house market until after World War II. In October 1935 the QPS catalogue had advertised building material, tools, furniture, house wares, and joinery, but no complete houses. By August 1940 houses were being advertised at prices of £150 and £205, but the timber was supplied in random lengths rather than being pre-cut. However, the 1954 QPS catalogue advertised Cooran Pre-Cut Homes, and included two articles from the 9 August 1953 edition of the Truth newspaper.</p><br>
<p>The first Truth article noted rising housing costs, and claimed that after months of planning, QPS had tackled the problem, offering a 740 square foot house for just over £800. The article also claimed that the QPS had only been manufacturing the "Cooran" home for a short period, and that a display house had been built at Dell Street in St Lucia for Exhibition Week. The materials were entirely pre-cut, so that an amateur could build the house. The "Cooran", priced at £808 in August 1953, had six rooms (including two bedrooms), and could easily be extended. The framework consisted of hardwood, the floorboards were hardwood, and the exterior was clad with hardwood weatherboards. The interior walls were clad with V-jointed pine, the ceilings with Durabestos, and the roof with English corrugated iron. The same house design clad externally with Durabestos was offered for £690. Two smaller pre-cut houses were priced at £495 and £350, and a larger "Hibiscus" home was offered for £1080. The second article in the Truth noted that every part of a Cooran home was marked, making it impossible to make a mistake during erection, and that every part of framework was morticed and tenoned where necessary.</p><br>
<p>The 1954 QPS advertisement went on to add that since Cooran homes had been introduced over 800 had been supplied. Specifications on the Cooran homes noted that the wall studs were tenoned to fit into the morticed top and bottom plates and interior sheeting could be either four and a half inch tongue and grove V-jointed pine (hoop pine), or fibro cement. The floor was made with tongue and groove seasoned hardwood, and mouldings were Queensland pine (hoop pine). Joinery could be made with cedar, oak, or maple timber. The price of a Cooran No.3 home (timber clad, either seven inch weatherboard or four inch chamferboard) was now £835; a Cooran No. 4 (Durabestos clad) was £720; and the frame alone could be purchased for £310. The two smaller one- bedroom models still sold for £350 (24 x 12), and £495 (24 x 20 including verandah) respectively. A "Lazy Dayser" skillion-roofed weekend cottage was also advertised.</p><br>
<p>A number of models of house were produced over the years, the known ones including: Hibiscus models number 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10; Cooran models 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 17 (model No.3 being the most popular); Tropical 1 and 2; plus garages, the one bedroom models, and the Lazy Dayser weekend cottage. There were also variants within the models - for example, models 3a to 3e.</p><br>
<p>The marketing of Alfredson&#39;s pre-cut houses through QPS catalogues reflected the housing shortage and concurrent building price increases that occurred in Australia after World War II. Thanks to a lull in house building during the Great Depression of the 1930s, there was an undersupply of houses even before World War II. National Security Regulations issued in February 1942 limited private building to projects linked to the war effort. The undersupply of houses was exacerbated after the war by returned servicemen starting families, and also by strong post-war immigration.</p><br>
<p>Prices were also driven upwards by a shortage of skilled labour, and the legislation of the 40-hour week in 1948. Another inflationary pressure was the lack of a ready stockpile of building materials. In 1939 the average five room brick house cost £1200. By 1946 this had risen to £1800; by 1951 it was over £3000. Although wages were rising, the price of an average house also increased, from three times the average pre-war income, to five times the average income by 1950.</p><br>
<p>When cost increases were combined with the Australian Government&#39;s decision to limit the area of new houses to 1200 square feet for timber and 1250 square feet for brick until 1952, the result was "Austerity" housing, and the increased use of functionalist design. Functionalism viewed the house as "a machine for living", where form followed function and efficiency was more important than ornamentation. After the war functionalism would be widely adopted out of the necessity to reduce building costs.</p><br>
<p>Austerity houses were small, with an eye to the future addition of bedrooms as families expanded. To save on the cost of building materials and labour, living rooms and dining rooms were combined into one space, entrance halls disappeared with the arrival of the "L" shaped house, and verandahs shrunk to small cantilevered porches over the front door. People made do with one chimney, and pretentious ornamentation was dropped. Building materials increasingly included asbestos cement (sold by Wunderlich as "Durabestos" and James Hardie as Fibrolite), and compressed fibre boards such as Masonite and Cane-ite, as well as Timbrock hardboard. In the southern states a brick veneer over a timber frame became more popular.</p><br>
<p>The emphasis was also on do-it-yourself building, as labour counted for about 50% of the cost of a house by 1948. Magazines such as "Australian Home Beautiful" catered for the proliferation of owner- builders in the 1950s, and newspapers featured stories on the housing issue and possible solutions, as can be seen by the Truth articles on Cooran homes. Between July 1951 and March 1955 around 140,000 Australian houses were owner-built; more than one third of the total.</p><br>
<p>A government response to the housing shortage was the 1945 Commonwealth State Housing Agreement, and the Queensland Housing Commission (QHC) was formed that year, tasked with building houses for rent or purchase. By 1959 the QHC had built nearly 23,000 state houses, and about 96,000 state houses were built in Australia between 1945 and 1956. The housing shortage had ended by 1960.</p><br>
<p>In response to the housing shortage, M.W. Alfredson & Company produced at least 1,200 pre-cut houses by the mid 1960s, when marketing through QPS ended. These included five houses built in Cooran, for Alfredsons staff, at 4, 5, 6 9 and 11 Henry Street; and four houses built in Cooran in the 1950s for the QHC. In 1965 a total of 62 houses were delivered to the Presbyterian Churchs Weipa Mission at Cape York. Pre-cut houses had been delivered as far north as New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, and as far south as Casino, New South Wales. Western Queensland station properties might order up to five houses over a period for their workers.</p><br>
<p>Up to Mervyn Alfredsons death in 1973, about 120 houses were also custom designed, supplied and built locally, including several extant examples in Pomona: at the corner of Exhibition Street and Pavilion Street; at 7 Pine Street; and behind the Catholic Church. Alfredson died after he was hit by a falling limb from a cypress tree at Inskip Point near Rainbow Beach. Mervyns share of the land was transferred to Mavis in 1982, and Brown&#39;s quarter share was transferred in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Mervyn and Maviss daughter Jeanette had worked at M.W. Alfredson & Company from the time she finished school, becoming proficient in all aspects of joinery and manufacture as well as doing office work. With her mothers health failing, she gradually assumed control of the business, which concentrated on the production of specialist timber joinery and cabinet making for custom orders. Government tenders were won, especially for schools. Doors and windows were also supplied for the Public Works Department in Queensland. Over the years a large number of people from Cooran and nearby towns were employed by M.W. Alfredson & Company. At its peak the business employed 32 men, plus logging contractors, carriers and subcontractors, and over 60 apprentices learnt their trade in the factory.</p><br>
<p>A weatherboard clad building at 32 King Street, with folding garage doors and a saw tooth roof, was constructed in 1962 as an office for Jeanette Alfredson, and was known as the "front office" of the joinery. Behind the office was an area for sharpening tools, and underneath were quarters for the single men. Part of the building was used as a garage, and it still has a maintenance pit in the floor under a trapdoor. This building is not included within the heritage boundary.</p><br>
<p>After Jeanette retired, the land was sold to Kesselwood Pty Ltd in March 1991 and to Kidmans Pty Ltd shortly thereafter. In 1997 the 37.7 perches of land purchased by Mervyn Alfredson in 1933 (allotment 38) was split 50-50 between Kidman Pty Ltd and Marbelle Pty Ltd, while Kidman Pty Limited continued to hold all of Lot 41 (Alfredsons 1942 land purchase). In 1998 the total acreage previously owned by Alfredson was subdivided into its current configuration. Alfredson&#39;s complex now stands on lot 42, a combination of former lots 38 and 41 that has been fully owned by Marbelle Pty Ltd since 1998.</p><br>
<p>In 2007 Alan Guymer operates a traditional joinery workshop on the former pre-cut house workshop (underneath and to the south of the former joinery), although his main business is building and demolition. The current machinery within and under the pre-cut house workshop, and most of the machinery in the sawmill section, was introduced by Alan. An original log carriage and its metal rails is still in situ in the rear sawmill shed, and original timber rails survive running north-south along the floor of the pre-cut house workshop, along with some metal gantry rails running east-west across the ceiling.</p><br>
<p>The top level of the building, the former joinery, is now called the Cooran Trading Post and Second-Hand Dealers (furniture). The shop still contains a lathe which is supported on concrete piers under the floor. There is no internal stairway between the former upper and lower workshops. Many of the building&#39;s stumps have been replaced by Alan over the years, and since 1990 he has also enclosed parts of a skillion roofed extension to the building west of the pre-cut house workshop.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>A long, rambling timber and corrugated iron building sheltered by a combination of gable, sawtooth and skillion roofs, the former joinery complex steps down the slope from a ridge along King Street at the northwest end of Cooran. The property is set against a backdrop of treed mountains and grassed paddocks to the south, has small scale domestic/commercial buildings adjacent and overlooks the railway to the north. The building now accommodates an antique shop at street level and a joinery workshop and timber working areas below.</p><br>
<p>Approximately 65 metres long and 13 metres wide with a truncation to the northeast, the building is organised over three levels - the former joinery workshop at street level, the former pre-cut house fabrication workshop to the middle and the sawmilling area at the lower level. The former joinery complex is notable for the range of timbers used in the construction of the various parts of the building ranging from sawn and dressed timbers to logs retaining their bark.</p><br>
<p>The joinery workshop is sheltered by a large gable roof clad with corrugated iron and has a small barrel roofed rectangular lantern along the ridge towards the rear. The workshop is timber framed, clad with a single skin of oiled weatherboards and supported on high round timber stumps set into the dirt floor below. The main entrance is through wide double timber doors off the truncated side to King Street. A sign above the main entrance says Alfredsons&#39;. A smaller double timber door opens off the north corner of the building. There is a rear exit at a set of timber stairs descending from the southeast corner. Exposed timber trusses support the roof and the workshop has a fine tongue and groove timber floor. A line of single skin timber partitions divides the space along the west side. The workshop is lit from each side by a range of window types and styles including sash and casement. A lathe from the early joinery workshop stands to the centre of the space and is supported on a concrete base rising up from the dirt floor below. There is a small projecting alcove to each of the long elevations. Sprinklers are installed within the roof framing. The understorey has a dirt floor and is enclosed with vertical timber boards and sheets of corrugated iron. It accommodates storage areas, timber storage racks, a range of tools and equipment and the concrete base of the lathe.</p><br>
<p>A grass and dirt driveway sloping down the property along the west side gives access to the middle and lower levels of the complex. This driveway is also part of the easement shared with the adjoining property. A lean-to garage/loading dock and office stands approximately 15 metres down the slope and extends down this side of the building to the end of the former pre-fabrication workshop which it opens into. Sheltered by a skillion roof, timber framed and standing on tall round timber stumps, the loading/office area is partly enclosed to the west with a range of cladding materials including weatherboards and corrugated iron sheeting. A single-skin weatherboard clad partition separates the loading/office area from the pre-fabrication workshop. The pre-fabrication workshop is sheltered by two roofs - a sawtooth roof throwing southern light into the northern end of the space and a skillion roof to the balance. Timber framed, the workshop has exposed dressed timber trusses, sawn timber framing to the skillion roof, rough log beams and a steel beam across the south end. Rows of round timber posts support the roofs and the workshop stands on high round timber stumps. Enclosed to the east with vertical timber boards and open to the south, the workshop has a fine timber tongue and groove floor with a set of timber rails running along the centre of the floor to the narrow loading platform to the south. A trolley with metal wheels runs on the rails. Two sets of timber stairs descend to the sawmilling area to the rear of the complex. The understorey of the pre-fabrication workshop houses various pieces of equipment and timber storage and is enclosed to the southeast by corrugated metal sheeting.</p><br>
<p>The sawmilling area, which includes timber storage/loading and log working sections, is level with the driveway on the west side and has an elevated platform to the east. It is sheltered by a metal trussed skillion roof and houses a log carriage and breakdown saw sheltered by a low narrow barrel roof to the upper level. The log carriage and saw are operational and the carriage has rails and a trolley. A small timber shed houses the recently introduced four-sider machine.</p><br>
<p>The timber loading area, log working area, understoreys to the loading/office, pre-fabrication workshop and the joinery workshop now accommodate various pieces of timber working equipment introduced by the present owner and are used for storage of timber, joinery items and a range of equipment and parts.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Alfredson&#39;s Joinery, Pre-Cut House Workshop and Sawmill was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 November 2008 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Alfredsons Joinery, built and expanded between 1933 and the 1950s, is important surviving evidence of the timber industry in the Noosa Shire and the North Coast (now Sunshine Coast) region. The timber industry played a major economic role in the history of the North Coast region, which from the 1860s was one of the most important timber producing regions in Queensland. Alfredsons is important evidence of the manufacturing aspect of the areas timber industry from the 1930s to the 1980s. Its location at Cooran was close to timber supplies, and the adjacent railway facilitated the shipment of the joinerys products.</p><br>
<p>The establishment by Alfredson&#39;s of a pre-cut timber house fabrication workshop in the early 1950s is representative of the response of timber firms to the Australia-wide post-World War II housing shortage.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>In the first half of the 20th century, the milling of timber and the manufacture of timber products was an integral component of the North Coast timber industry, a major industry for Queensland. Alfredson&#39;s Joinery complex is a rare surviving example of the pre-World War II era of sawmilling and joinery operations on the North Coast, and is also a rare example of a post-World War II pre-cut house workshop. The lathe and log carriage are important as rare surviving equipment from those operations.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>In its layout the Alfredson&#39;s Joinery complex is important in demonstrating the linear operation of a timber manufacturing process. This is evident in the planning and organisation of the sawmilling and pre-fabrication workshop where timber was unloaded and worked in the sawmilling area and then moved by trolley to the fabrication area where the timber passed through a number of bench and cutting processes. The finished fabricated components were then dispatched through the western loading dock. The construction of sawtooth roofs to the prefabrication workshop and lantern to the joinery workshop are good examples of the standard design practice of introducing as much daylight as possible into workshop spaces, particularly southern light in the case of the sawtooth roofs.</p><br>
<p>Cooroora Masonic Temple is a heritage-listed community hall at 9 Station Street, Pomona, Shire of Noosa, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1923. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 12 December 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Cooroora Masonic Temple was erected in 1923 and is opposite the Pomona railway station in the small Sunshine Coast hinterland town of Pomona.</p><br>
<p>The land on which it is situated was part of an Agricultural Allotment of 160 acres occupied under license by Robert Peter Grant in 1896. The area developed in the early 20th century with an economic base of timber, dairying and fruit growing. Page Furnishers Pty Ltd, a furniture making concern established in 1919, has also been a major source of local employment. The township of Pomona was named in 1900 for the Roman goddess of fruit and for much of the 20th century acted as a service and administrative centre for Noosa Shire.</p><br>
<p>Freemasonry was established in Pomona in 1913. It had arrived in Australia with the first European settlers and spread from New South Wales into Queensland in individual lodges. The first Freemason&#39;s lodge in Queensland was established in 1859, shortly before Separation from New South Wales. New lodges were formed as settlement spread, as when a group of 17 Masons in Pomona applied to the Grand Lodge of Scotland to form a Lodge under the Scottish Constitution. This was consecrated as Lodge Cooroora No 1128 on 15 November 1913 at a ceremony at which 78 people were present. The first ordinary meeting was held on 13 December 1913. In 1920 the Lodge affiliated with the Grand Lodge of Queensland under the English Constitution and on 21 April 1921 joined the United Grand Lodge of Queensland as Cooroora Lodge No. 232.</p><br>
<p>For the first ten years of its existence, the Cooroora Lodge met in a hall at the Noosa Showgrounds. On 22 May 1923 the Trustees of the Lodge purchased a block of land across the road from the railway station. A temple was erected using volunteer labour and cost £800. The first meeting in the new building was held on 23 June 1923.</p><br>
<p>A local fruiterer and restaurateur, William (Bill) Hodge, who had joined the Lodge in 1920, was Master in 1924-25. In 1925 he began a project to embellish the temple that was to take nine years to complete. Working mainly in the evenings he painted trompe l&#39;oeil murals on all four internal walls of the lodge room. These murals are replicas of those that decorated the Masonic Temple at the Criterion Restaurant, London and were featured in an article in the September 1921 edition of an English Masonic magazine, the Masonic Record. Using the small black and white photographs accompanying the article as a guide, Hodge reproduced the scenes of classical and biblical architecture on the walls of the Pomona temple. Between 1925 and 1928 he painted the Eastern and Western walls and between 1932 and 1934 the southern and northern walls. Hodge mixed the lead-based paints himself, using a neutral palette of beige, grey, black and white. During both periods he worked by kerosene light, as electricity was not supplied to Pomona until 1941. Hodge died in 1949 and is buried in Pomona cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The subjects and symbols depicted are integral to Masonic tradition and philosophy. Although materially modest in value, reflecting the economic status of the small community who met there, the murals provide a sense of richness and elegance to what would otherwise be a very simple interior. They are valued and have been cared for by the members, remaining in good condition.</p><br>
<p>It is believed that the Criterion Restaurant and the original murals were destroyed during the bombing of London during World War II and that no other known copies of the murals have been made.</p><br>
<p>Some of the furniture in the temple was made locally by Page, possibly by Herb Page who established the original cabinet-making workshop in Pomona in 1919.</p><br>
<p>The number of lodge members peaked in 1965 at 55. Falling membership numbers and lack of funds to maintain the building made the lodge unviable and the building was sold in 2005, with the lodge then meeting at the Tewantin Masonic Lodge before being wound up entirely in 2008.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Masonic temple is a rectangular timber framed building clad externally with hardwood chamferboard. It is set on low metal stumps and has a gabled roof clad with corrugated iron. A verandah along the front appears to have been built in and a small gabled timber porch shades the front entrance and is accessed by timber stairs to each side. Windows along both sides and the front have been blocked but the front windows lighted the anterooms and not the hall proper.The blocking of the side windows to the hall has enabled the murals painted on the interior to cover the whole of each wall.</p><br>
<p>The front part of the building is an anteroom and contains portraits of Lodge Masters and Members. The interior of the lodge room is lined with vertical boards and has a coved ceiling. The ceiling and upper section of the walls is painted a traditional light blue, which also provides a suggestion of sky. Below this each wall is covered with a trompe l&#39;oeil mural depicting famous buildings replete with Masonic symbolism. The Eastern wall depicts the Temple of Demeter and Dionysus at Eleusis, the western wall the temple of Theseus at Corinth, the Southern wall the Choragic monument of Lysicrates at Athens and the Northern wall the building of the Temple of Solomon at Jerusalem.</p><br>
<p>The lodge room currently retains equipment and furniture pertaining to Masonic use including chairs was locally manufactured by Page.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Cooroora Masonic Temple was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 12 December 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Cooroora Masonic Temple is important in demonstrating the development of Pomona in the early 20th century and the spread of Freemasonry through Queensland in the wake of European settlement.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The interior murals, which embody much of the symbolism and beliefs of Freemasonry, are thought to be unique in Australia. As the original murals appear to have been destroyed by bombing during World War II, the Pomona paintings may now be the only record of this work, originally carried out in the temple of the Criterion Restaurant in London.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The former Cooroora Masonic Temple is an intact example of a regional timber Masonic temple, a category of building prominent in the streetscape and important in the social life of many country towns.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The murals decorating all four interior walls of the temple have aesthetic value and represent a remarkable achievement for the artist, William (Bill) Hodge who worked from small scale black and white photographs in difficult conditions over period of many years to complete the work.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The former Cooroora Masonic Temple has a special association with those Freemasons living in and around Pomona and with the Freemasonry movement as an early 20th century temple in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Cooroy Lower Mill Site Kiln is a heritage-listed kiln at Lower Mill Road, Cooroy, Shire of Noosa, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1950s. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 11 December 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Cooroy Lower Mill Site Kiln, located in the Sunshine Coast township of Cooroy, was a timber drying kiln built in late 1956 by the prominent South Queensland sawmillers, J Wilkinson and Sons Pty Ltd and Straker and Sons Pty Ltd.</p><br>
<p>South Queensland produced the largest amount of timber in the State by the middle of the 20th century: in the North Coast (now Sunshine Coast) region, timber was one of the most important industries in the 1950s. As late as the 1980s, a hardwood mill operating at Nandroya near Cooroy was claimed to be the largest in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The kiln at Cooroy was the product of a post-World War II trend in the sawmill industry towards centralisation and larger operations to enable economies of scale. One of the motivations for this trend was the need to acquire technology like drying kilns in order to remain competitive. The amalgamation of sawmills made greater funds available for this equipment. Improvements in road transport, which enabled timber to be transported from a wider area, made the trend towards bigger centralised operations feasible.</p><br>
<p>By 1956, Straker and Sons and J Wilkinson and Sons already owned several milling operations on the North Coast. The Strakers owned the Cooroy Sawmilling Company located next to the kiln together with mills at Cooran and Gympie. J Wilkinson and Sons owned sawmills at Yandina and Conondale. The two organisations partially merged in 1956 to form Kiln Dried Timbers Pty Ltd, the company that operated the kiln and an adjoining planing mill (no longer extant). The kiln enabled the partners to accelerate the process of seasoning hardwood from their mills including flooring and chamferboard and to expand their market to include far western Queensland, Sydney and Melbourne. These markets demanded lower moisture content than could be achieved by air drying. The kiln was claimed to be the first built on the North Coast.</p><br>
<p>As built in 1956, the kiln comprised a steam heated, cross shaft internal fan design that was common in Australia at the time. The design was obtained by the company from CSIRO. It consisted of four double chambers 64 ft (19.5m) by 48 ft (14.6m) each with a height of 13 ft (4m) and a capacity of 9000 super feet. They were fabricated from concrete. Carefully stacked timber was transferred into the kiln using trolleys on rails. Heat was generated by a 100 hp (74.6 kW) boiler and transferred to the kiln chambers by a series of tubes. Hot air radiating from the tubes was circulated in the chambers by internal electric fans. The temperature in the kiln was designed to reach around 120 °F (49 °C).</p><br>
<p>The boiler was fuelled by waste from the adjacent sawmill via a hopper and chutes (all extant). As well as providing steam for the kiln, the boiler powered a steam engine and electric generator (extant). Electricity from this was used to power the electrical plant including the fans.</p><br>
<p>Also extant on the site is a reconditioning chamber adjacent to the kiln. This chamber was used to treat a condition called "collapse" brought about by abnormal and excessive shrinkage. The collapsed timber was steamed in a closed chamber with saturated steam at atmospheric pressure for a period of about six hours. Steam was injected into the chamber via a single perforated steam pipe.</p><br>
<p>By the 1970s, an increasingly challenging timber industry made it necessary for Strakers and Wilkinsons to undergo a further amalgamation. They were also joined by the Lutton family&#39;s sawmilling operation and together they formed North Coast Sawmills Pty Ltd. The new company opened the large hardwood mill at Nandroya. This enabled the use of more efficient modern machinery and logs were sourced from a wider area.</p><br>
<p>North Coast Sawmills&#39; Cooroy mills were bought by Quintex in the 1980s and subsequently Boral Timber. Boral used the kiln and planing plant to produce and dry boards for flooring and decking. The kiln was closed in the early 2000s under the terms of the Regional Forests Agreement. In 2007, the kiln and adjacent sawmill sites were undergoing redevelopment as a public recreational precinct.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Structures remaining from the drying kiln complex operated by sawmillers Wilkinson and Sons Pty Ltd and Straker and Sons Pty Ltd stand on the Cooroy Lower Mill site in an open grassed paddock to the east of Lower Mill Road on the north side of the town of Cooroy. They are within a larger industrial estate of modern sheds. To the southeast of the kiln complex a grassed track crosses the creek and connects the site back to the former Cooroy Butter Factory now operating as an art gallery and community centre.</p><br>
<p>The kiln complex consists of a boiler shed with a prominent tall stack, hopper and chutes, control room, reconditioning chamber, a four chamber drying kiln and associated equipment, fixtures and fittings including a steam engine and electric generators in the boiler shed.</p><br>
<h3>Drying kiln</h3><br>
<p>An in-situ concrete structure with a flat roof, the drying kiln consists of four discrete chambers 19.5m long and 4m high. Each chamber is open at the north end and accessed by a hatch door from the control room at the south end. Trolley rails run within each chamber between narrow concrete platforms. Fans are fixed to and pipes, ducts and conduits run along the ceilings. Rails for a transfer line run across the north entrances to the chambers. Four sets of twin wheels and belts are fitted to the top third of the exterior west wall beneath the overhanging eaves. A projecting timber walkway with a timber balustrade runs along beside them.</p><br>
<h3>Reconditioning chamber</h3><br>
<p>A hollow in-situ concrete channel rectangular in section, the reconditioning chamber stands to the east of the drying kiln. Trolley tracks run within the chamber between narrow concrete platforms. The lower third of the north opening is concreted and the south end is sealed with a small opening for the air duct.</p><br>
<h3>Control room</h3><br>
<p>The control room comprises a narrow corridor running between the boiler shed and the kiln. It is sheltered by a skillion roof off the south side of the kiln chambers, clad with corrugated galvanised iron. The room contains pipes, valves, gauges and other equipment that regulates the functioning of the kiln chambers. Each chamber has a viewing window and hatch door access from the control room.</p><br>
<h3>Boiler shed</h3><br>
<p>A tall rectangular, single-skin, timber framed shed clad with chamferboards and sheltered by a gable roof clad with corrugated galvanised iron, the boiler shed is dominated by the boiler. Standing on a concrete slab floor, the metal encased boiler is supported on a brick base. A timber framed and clad chute feeds into the boiler from a hopper in the northeast corner of the shed and an exhaust stack projects from the boiler through the roof. Metal ladders are fixed to the north and south sides of the base of the stack. The tall chimney stack is secured externally with metal ties.</p><br>
<p>Direct current and alternating current generators stand to the north of the boiler and each has a maker&#39;s plate from the English Electric Company Ltd London.</p><br>
<p>A tall timber framed tank stand stands to the west of the boiler shed. There is no tank.</p><br>
<h3>Hopper</h3><br>
<p>A rectangular box tapering from base to top, the hopper has an external stud frame and a single skin of weatherboards. Twin fibreglass exhaust ducts project through the flat timber roof. A narrow hinged door opens out on the north side and a metal pipe runs up the northeast corner turning into the hopper near the top. A narrow timber platform to the northwest accommodates a small motor and a set of timber stairs at the southwest end descend from the roof of the hopper to flat roof of the reconditioning chamber. A timber chute runs from the base of the hopper up into the hopper in the boiler shed.</p><br>
<p>Adjacent to the kiln site East of the kiln site, remnants of a former sawmill lay scattered about including trolleys, rails and concrete plinths. The site is presently used as an open sawmilling area and is not included in the heritage listing.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Cooroy Lower Mill Site Kiln was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 11 December 2008 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Cooroy Lower Mill Site Kiln (1956) is important in demonstrating the development of the States timber industry insofar that it is a rare example of a timber drying kiln established on the North Coast (now Sunshine Coast) when the region was recognized to be one of the States most important timber producers.</p><br>
<p>As the first drying kiln to be built in the region, it demonstrates the trend from the mid-20th Century towards improving efficiency using more scientific methods. As the product of a joint venture between major sawmilling companies, it also demonstrates the trend, at the time, towards centralizing operations to finance shared capital equipment. The drying kiln enabled timber to be seasoned more rapidly and it enabled timber to be sold to markets that demanded lower moisture content than could be achieved by air seasoning.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The kiln is the only known example of a timber drying kiln in the Sunshine Coast region and it remains in a highly intact condition. A large number of sawmills and associated facilities were once located in this noted timber producing region. However, owing to economic and environmental factors, intact facilities have become increasingly uncommon since the middle of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The kiln is a highly intact example of a steam heated, cross shaft internal fan design. This design was once common in the industry. All of the operating elements of the facility remain intact including the fuel system, boiler, steam engine and electric generator, most of the heating tubes, fans, kiln chambers and reconditioning chamber.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Dominated by the tall rusting stack of the boiler, the surviving elements of the drying kiln complex are a monumental presence in the landscape. The place has an arresting impact as an industrial ruin - the concrete hulk of the kiln chambers, the rusted galvanised iron and weathered timber, the slowly decaying remnants of machinery, equipment, fixtures and fittings - all combine to evoke a tough industrial aesthetic.</p><br>
<p>The Nathan G. Hichborn House is a historic house at 10 Church Street in Stockton Springs, Maine. Built in the 1850s, this Italianate structure is one the communitys more architecturally sophisticated buildings, and is notable as the home of Nathan Hichborn, a local shipbuilder and politician who was responsible for the towns separation from Prospect. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Hichborn House is located in the village of Stockton Springs, just south of United States Route 1 and the Stockton Springs Community Church on the west side of Church Street. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a hip roof, clapboard siding, and a stone foundation. The roof has broad eaves studded with paired brackets, has gabled dormers facing front, and is topped by an octagonal cupola. The (east-facing) front facade is symmetrical, three bays wide, with its center entrance sheltered by a portico supported by clusters of chamfered square posts. A three-part window stands above the entrance, with a molded hood shaped to the window parts&#39; curved tops. The interior of the house has well-preserved woodwork, and features Italian marble fireplace surrounds in the downstairs parlors. An ell extends to the rear, joining the house to a carriage barn.</p><br>
<p>The house has traditionally been given a construction date of 1849, but its construction and styling suggest an 1850s date. The house was designed by Alfred Bither, an architect then based in Bangor, and was built for Nathan G. Hichborn, a local shipbuilder and politician. Hichborn was a prolific shipbuilder, turning out 42 ships over a 28-year period. He was instrumental in the construction of the nearby Stockton Springs Community Church, and led the effort to separate Stockton Springs from Prospect, which was successfully completed in 1857. Hichborn served in the state legislature and as state treasurer, and was a candidate for Governor of Maine on a temperance party ticket.</p><br>
<p>Xujiayao, located in the Nihewan Basin in China, is an early Late Pleistocene paleoanthropological site famous for its archaic hominin fossils.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Xujiayao is located on the west bank of the Liyi River, a tributary of the Sanggan River. Xujiayao actually consists of two sites, Locality 73113 and Locality 74093. Locality 73113 is located near Xujiayao village in Yanggao County, Shanxi, while Locality 74093 is located near Houjiayao village in Yangyuan County, Hebei. Most of the fossils and artefacts were found at Locality 74093.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery and excavations</h2><br>
<p>Xujiayao was discovered by researchers from the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP) in 1974. IVPP carried out excavations in 1976, 1977, and 1979. Later excavations, in 2007 and 2008, were carried out by the Hebei Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics.</p><br>
<h2>The Xujiayao hominin</h2><br>
<p>Twenty hominid fossils were discovered at Xujiayao, consisting of 12 parietal bones, 1 temporal bone, 2 occipital bones, 1 mandibular bone fragment, 1 juvenile maxilla, and 3 isolated teeth.</p><br>
<p>The fossils remains at Xujiayao are difficult to classify and are of an uncertain taxonomic lineage, possibly representing a distinct hominin lineage.</p><br>
<p>The Xujiayao fossils are characterized by a mix of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens features. The skulls also have a thick cranial vault, at the upper range of Homo erectus pekinensis. The maxilla exhibits features more typical of modern Homo sapiens.</p><br>
<p>Dental analysis shows that the Xujiayao hominin appears to retain many archaic features found in hominin fossils, such as Homo pekinensis, from the Early and Middle Pleistocene in East Asia, share more similarities with these earlier East Asian hominins, and share some similarities with Neanderthals. While fossil sample Xujiayao 15 had mostly non-Neanderthal features appearance-wise, a CT scan revealed that the inner ear, surprisingly, was arranged in a way that was typical of Neanderthal inner ears.</p><br>
<p>One of the fossil samples, Xujiayao 11, had an enlarged parietal foramen (a hole in the skull), an extremely rare abnormality that is found in less than 1 out of 25,000 cases in modern humans. Xujiayao 11 is the oldest hominin fossil to exhibit this abnormality.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>Around 5000 specimens from twenty-one distinct species are represented at Xujiayao. The large majority of the remains belong to Przewalskis horse and Equus hemionus. The next most common remains belong to Coelodonta, Spirocerus (Xujiayao antelope/Spirocerus hsuchiayaocus and Peis antelope/Spirocerus peii), Procapra and Gazella. Some red deer, sika deer and pig remains were also found.</p><br>
<p>The Xujiayao hominin excelled as horse hunters, having regular access to animal protein, primarily coming from equids.</p><br>
<h2>Artefacts</h2><br>
<p>Almost 30,000 lithic, bone and antler artefacts were also unearthed at Xujiayao. Tools found at Xujiayao include scrapers, points, gravers, anvils, chopper and spheroids. Over 50% of the artefacts consist of finished tools. Over 40% of the artefacts consist of scrapers. The artefacts there include the presence of over 1000 stone spheroids, the most of any Paleolithic site in China.</p><br>
<p>Gunung Wukir temple, or Canggal temple, or also known as Shivalinga is a Shivaite Hindu temple dated from early 8th century, located in Canggal hamlet, Kadiluwih village, Salam subdistrict, Magelang Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. The temple dates to the year 732, making it the first structure attributed to the ancient Mataram kingdom, which ruled Central Java from 732 to around the middle of the tenth century.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Because of its relatively remote location, the temple site rarely appears on the itineraries of foreign tourists. But it possesses some historical importance owed to its links with the formation of the Central Javanese Mataram kingdom. The temple is located on Wukir hill, which the locals refer to as Gunung Wukir ("Mount Wukir", or "carved hill" in Javanese), on the western slopes of Mount Merapi volcano. The hill is located approximately 4 kilometres southeast from the town of Muntilan. Gunung Wukir temple can be reached by following the direction to the Ngluwar subdistrict by turning west from the Semen intersection, on Yogyakarta-Magelang main road. The Kadiluwih hamlet in Canggal, is connected to the Ngluwar road by a small walking trail that leads up to the hill plateau, approximately 300 meters above sea level.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This temple is the oldest surviving temple in Southern Central Java, connected to the Canggal inscription discovered within the temple ruins in 1879. According to the inscription, the temple was founded during the reign of King Sanjaya from the Mataram Kingdom, in 654 Saka (732 CE). This inscription contains a lot of information related to Medang Kingdom or Hindu Mataram. Based on this inscription, Gunung Wukir temple might originally called Shivalinga or Kunjarakunja.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The temple compound measures 50 metres x 50 metres. The temple building is made of andesite stone, and at least consist of a main temple and three perwara temples (guardian or complementary smaller temple) lined in front of the main temple. In addition to the inscription, within the temple complex were also found archaeological artifacts including yoni pedestal and the statue of the sacred cow Nandi the vehicle of Shiva. According to the inscription, the yoni once support a lingam, the symbol of the god Shiva, however it is now missing.</p><br>
<p>Stordalen Havn is a small, sheltered natural harbour at the northern end of Torsukattak Fjord in the district of Nanortalik, in Greenland.</p><br>
<p>Nearby Alleruusakasiit and Angiartarfik mountains have a good reputation among alpinists.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Stordalen Havn is located at the bend in the Torssukatak Fjord, near the settlement of Tasiussaq. It is surrounded by mountains, the highest of which are Agdlerussakasit (1743 m) to the south of the river, and Angiartarfik (1824 m) to the north.</p><br>
<p>Since there are shoaling problems at low tide, anchorage is best made a short distance from the shore. Access can sometimes be impeded by ice floes in late spring, summer and autumn, but the sea is mostly clear.</p><br>
<p>The remains of a Greenland Norse building are located on the southern side of the Itivdlerssuaq river, not far from the shore.</p><br>
<h2>Trekking, kayaking and climbing</h2><br>
<p>It can be accessed by chartered boat, or by very experienced kayakers, or overland on foot from Tasiussaq. It attracts climbers, kayakers, and trekkers.</p><br>
<p>First ascents have now been made of most mountains in the area, starting with 44 first ascents by the University of St Andrews Expedition in 1975. Some of the mountains have challenging rock faces, including the famous "Thumbnail" of Maujit Qaqarssuasia, to the west of Torssukatak Fjord. There is huge potential for new climbing routes, and ascents by different ridges.</p><br>
<p>In recent years, from 2000 onwards, Stordalen Havn has been visited by parties of trekkers, often accessing the area from Tasermiut Fjord. The small settlement of Aappilattoq to the east is extremely difficult to access on foot, but easily accessed by kayak.</p><br>
<p>There is a trekking route to the north of Stordalen Havn over to Ivssortussut valley (difficult ground on the north side of the col) and Kangerdluk fjord, from where a further mountain pass leads to Lake Taserssuaq and Tasermiut Fjord.</p><br>
<p>The trek west from Stordalens Havn up the big valley called Itivdlerssuaq leads by an easy walking route to the settlement at Tasiussaq.</p><br>
<p>Access down Torssukatak Fjord to the south is only possible by kayak because of huge sea cliffs.</p><br>
<p>Copious supplies of fish such as arctic char can often be obtained from Stordalen Havn to supplement food stocks.</p><br>
<p>Kin Kin Sawmill is a heritage-listed sawmill at 1 Sister Tree Creek Road, Kin Kin, Shire of Noosa, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1940s. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 November 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Kin Kin Sawmill, established in 1948 by Arthur Hempsall and his son Lionel, is located midway between Gympie and Noosa in the Sunshine Coast township of the same name. The Hempsall family owned the mill until 1991 when it was sold to Geoff Ellis. It continues to operate as a small mill with much of its original machinery and layout still intact.</p><br>
<p>South Queensland produced the largest amount of timber in the Queensland by the middle of the 20th century: in the North Coast region (now known as the Sunshine Coast), there were some 122 sawmills in 1949, the largest number in the Queensland. The quantity of logs cut on the North Coast in 1947-48 was over 40000, the third largest in Queensland behind Brisbane and Atherton.</p><br>
<p>The Kin Kin sawmill was originally established to produce wooden packing cases for the local fruit growing industry. The North Coast was an important fruit growing region and during the first half of the 20th century, Kin Kin was one of Queensland most productive banana-growing areas. The sawmill produced cases for bananas, pineapples, beans, apples and plums. Cases were railed from Pomona railway station to destinations as far afield as Brisbane and the fruit growing areas near Stanthorpe.</p><br>
<p>Case milling was an important industry associated with fruit growing. It was valued because it provided a useful outlet for timber which would otherwise have no economic value. There was a high demand for fruit and vegetable cases in the immediate post-War period with case milling peaking in 1949. 45% of cases were manufactured for packaging fresh fruit but they were also used for a range of other foodstuffs and manufactured goods. By the early 1950s, corrugated fibre board containers, developed during World War II, began to compete with the traditional wooden cases and the latter experienced a steady decline in use. By 1955 - 56 there were still some 58 wooden case manufacturers in Queensland comprising mostly small firms. Some 40% of the case millers in Queensland also milled timber for other uses.</p><br>
<p>Although not dissimilar in layout to other types of sawmills, case mills were typically smaller in scale owing to the smaller size of the logs that were milled and the smaller size of the end product. A three-person mill, comprising a single circular saw bench (number one bench) and a docking saw, could produce up to 500 cases per day. Logs were broken down at the number one bench into longitudinal lengths of timber (flitches). The flitches were cut to required length at the docking saw. Waste material from the initial breaking down process (including edging) was cut down for firewood at the docking saw or disposed of. The lengths of timber ready for assembly as cases were known as "shooks".</p><br>
<p>Larger, general purpose mills typically comprised three circular saws and a docker. The initial break-down of the log was usually carried out at the Canadian bench (the largest circular saw). Further sizing was carried out at number one and two benches and the planks were cut to length at the docker.</p><br>
<p>When initially erected, the Kin Kin mill comprised only the number one saw bench and a docking saw. Both of these saws are still extant, but the docking saw has been relocated within the shed. The saws were powered by a tractor. Probably from the early 1950s after the mill was connected to electricity, a Canadian Saw, and number two bench were added and the docking saw was moved. The mill layout has remained largely unchanged since then. In its present form it resembles a typical sawmill layout of the 1950s. The original hand operated winch for moving logs through the breakdown saw remains extant and also the early electrical insulators tracing the original path of the cabling along the underside of the roof.</p><br>
<p>The mill originally cut soft wood timber for cases. This was cut to the required lengths and then packaged for delivery to the farmers who assembled the cases. The mill subsequently moved into cutting timber for pallets, and hardwood milling for electricity pole cross-arms and railway sleepers. In 2007, the mill was cutting softwood for assembly into packing cases for glass. It is one of the few sawmills of its era that is still operating on the North Coast.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Standing against the backdrop of the surrounding hills on Sister Tree Creek Road west of the town of Kin Kin, the Kin Kin Sawmill occupies a flat open area to the east of Kin Kin Creek. The structures associated with the sawmill operations comprise the large open mill shed, a small timber office building, a number of timber and corrugated iron sheds and the sawdust/waste area. The site also accommodates timber storage areas and forklift and other vehicle parking.</p><br>
<p>Sawmill shed Standing close to the road at the southeast corner of the site, the heart of the mill operations is an open timber framed shed with corrugated iron clad roofs. The main part is sheltered by a gable roof the north side of which extends west over the docker area and northeast with a small skillion roof over the number two bench. The shed is framed with sawn and unsawn timber, the roof supported by round posts. The compact milling operation is organised around the sequence of saws and the accompanying benches, motors, trolleys and rails accommodated within the shed. The saws stand in a line from the breakdown saw (Canadian saw) to the south to the number two bench saw to the north. Timber logs are stacked by forklift at the southwest, rolled onto a trolley where they are secured with a dog and run through the breakdown saw for the half cut. The cut logs then roll across to the number one bench saw where the bark is stripped and the half logs are cut into 2" (50mm) or 2.5" (62.5mm) width planks. The cut planks are stacked north of the number one bench and taken across to the number two bench saw where they are cut into thinner 1" (25mm) boards which are stacked to the west and taken across to the docker where they are cut into shorter lengths (mostly 6 metres). From here the boards pass to the groover where the sides are grooved before being placed in the pallet stack west of the log stack. A number of trolleys on rails take the offcuts and waste from the various bench areas out to the west side of the shed.</p><br>
<p>The original hand operated winch for moving logs through the breakdown saw stands to the east of the trolley rails for the breakdown saw and the early electrical insulators trace the original path of the cabling along the underside of the roof.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Kin Kin Sawmill was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 November 2008 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Kin Kin Sawmill (1948) is important in demonstrating the development of Queensland&#39;s timber industry insofar as it was established when the North Coast (now the Sunshine Coast) was one of the most important timber producing regions in the state. During the period that the mill was established, the North Coast contained more sawmills than anywhere else in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>As a sawmill originally established to produce timber for fruit packing cases, it is also important in demonstrating the evolution of the State&#39;s fruit growing industry. At the time, the North Coast was among the most productive fruit growing regions in the State. It is also indicative of the former use of timber as a material for packing cases. By the 1950s, timber was being superseded by corrugated fibre board as the preferred material for packaging.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The sawmill is uncommon in the region as an intact example of a small saw mill originally established to produce timber for fruit packing cases. Mills of this type were common in the fruit growing areas of the State until the late 1950s when the use of wooden packing cases declined.</p><br>
<p>The mill is also uncommon in the region for its continuity of operation since the 1940s. The basic layout of the shed remains largely unchanged since the 1950s and original items of machinery continue to form key components of the operation. Economic and environmental factors have meant that sawmills of this era have become increasingly rare.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The sawmill is a highly intact example of a small sawmill originally established to produce timber for packaging cases. The layout and all of the components typically found in a small mill of the 1950s remain including: the characteristic open-sided shed, early electrical insulators tracing the route of the original cabling, breakdown (Canadian) saw, number one and two saw benches, docking saw, original hand operated winch, rails and trolleys. The milling operation continues to follow the traditional packing case sequence of initial cut at the breakdown (Canadian) saw, sizing at the number one and two benches and cut to lengths at the docker.</p><br>
<p>Majestic Theatre is a heritage-listed theatre at 3 Factory Street, Pomona, Shire of Noosa, Queensland, Australia. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 February 2009.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Majestic Theatre at 3 Factory Street Pomona, which was originally built as a social hall with attached shops in 1921, has been promoted as the oldest authentic silent movie theatre in the world, and the longest continuously operating movie theatre in Australia. Although the building&#39;s fabric was extensively refurbished recently, the timber and fibrous cement sheeted building is still a rare, and functional, example of a pre-World War II country hall that was converted into a picture theatre.</p><br>
<p>By the 1860s timber getting was the main local industry in the Pomona area. The Co-Operative Communities Land Settlement Act 1893 led to two experimental farming communes being established in the Noosa Shire, and although the Protestant Unity Group near Pomona only lasted from 1894 to 1896, some of the groups settlers stayed on the land as individual selectors. The North Coast railway line from Brisbane to Gympie was completed in 1891, and the bend where local settlers hailed the train to send their goods to market was called the Cooroora railway siding, after the nearby mountain. The name was later changed to the Pinbarren siding, but when a town was surveyed in 1900, the name of Pomona, the Roman Goddess of fruit, was chosen. The Pomona Hotel was licensed in 1906, west of the railway line, and this was followed by the Railway Hotel in 1911, east of the railway line on todays Factory Street. Noosa Shire was created in 1910, and the Shire Council office was based in Pomona until 1980.</p><br>
<p>In the first decade of the 20th century, industry in the area shifted from timber to dairying and horticulture as land was cleared. Until the establishment of a butter factory at Kin Kin in 1914, cream was sent by road to Cooran, and then by rail to Gympie&#39;s butter factory, established in 1898. Butter factories were also opened at Cooroy in 1915 and at Pomona in 1919. Bananas were also an important industry in the Shire after 1908, booming in the 1920s before declining in the early 1930s. Dairying remained as the main industry in the Noosa Shire from the 1930s until its decline in the 1960s. By the 1990s, Pomona was relying on fruit, and furniture manufacture for its livelihood.</p><br>
<p>Errol and Myra Osborne became licensees of the Railway Hotel in 1921, and that year they decided to build a hall to the south of the hotel to augment their facilities, and to attract commercial travellers, who needed space to display their wares. The land on which the Majestic Theatre stands was purchased in January 1921 by Myra Osborne&#39;s mother, Clara McDonald, who also financed the building of the hall. In August 1921 Errol Osborne supplied plans for the hall to the Noosa Shire Council, and in October 1921 R. McTackett requested permission to erect an awning in front of the hall he was erecting. In December 1921 Mrs McDonald requested that the Council make up a footpath in front of the newly erected Majestic Hall, offering to pay half of the cost. The Council agreed, so long as the job did not exceed £10.</p><br>
<p>The hall was designed to serve several functions: to show silent movies, for vaudeville productions, and to act as a social centre for the town. Over time it served as a venue for dances, balls, concerts, and wedding functions, roller skating, boxing, and church services. Constructed of unseasoned milled hardwood, the hall was about 12 metres wide by 18 metres long, with seating for 198 people. It included a sprung dance floor of ¾ inch crow&#39;s ash timber, still extant today, and was raised on stumps to avoid flooding. The roof sagged inwards within several years of construction, and this profile remained until renovations during 2006 and 2007.</p><br>
<p>On either side of the entrance to the hall were small shops. On the left hand side was the Majestic Cafe, which also served as general store before being used for storage from the 1930s, and the right hand side&#39;s shop accommodated at various times a dentist, radio shop, and a mechanic. In the mid 1920s a supper room was added to the long southeast elevation of the hall, and this section was later extended to the northeast.</p><br>
<p>Travelling Picture Show Men initially called at the Majestic Hall to show silent movies, but in 1923 the hall was leased by Mrs Osborne to Harold "Picture" Page, who obtained a theatre license that year. Herbert Page (unrelated), of Page Furnishers, was called "Blue Shirt" Page, to distinguish him from Picture Page. Reportedly, the early silent films in Pomona were accompanied by a schoolgirl playing random music on a pianola. On 28 April 1931 the first talkie, or movie recorded with its own soundtrack, was shown at the hall, and around 1933 the hall&#39;s lease was transferred to Ernie Bazzo, who upgraded the hall to a theatre by adding a small gallery and a bio box. A number of local social functions were shifted to the new Pomona Memorial Hall during this decade. In the late 1930s Bazzo used seating from the Princess Theatre in South Brisbane to replace the existing canvas sling seating.</p><br>
<p>The Pomona Talkie Company was registered on 1 October 1935, and involved Errol Osborne, Ernest Bazzo, and Charles S. Thomson. Bazzo also owned the nearby Central Garage, and worked as a mechanic during the day, operating the theatre at night. The Majestic Theatre, Pomona is first listed under Theatres and Picture Shows in the Queensland Post Office Directory (Trades) in 1940, and the land on which the theatre stands was transferred to Bazzo in October 1948.</p><br>
<p>The development of the Majestic Theatre in Pomona reflected wider trends in Queensland&#39;s society. Moving pictures became a popular form of entertainment in Queensland soon after the first films were exhibited in Brisbane in the late 1890s. Hotels were often associated with early picture shows, especially in rural areas, where films might be shown in an adjacent hall or garden. Initially, travelling picture shows in rural areas were screened in halls, with the Picture Show Men travelling regular circuits, but later dedicated theatres were built in small towns, with a local resident - sometimes the local motor garage proprietor - working the projector.</p><br>
<p>Many theatres were built with attached retail spaces, including a cafe or milk bar for patrons, and a cantilevered street awning. As an alternative to purpose-built theatres, halls were regularly converted into picture theatres by erecting bio-boxes, installing a gallery, or adding new seating and sound equipment. Halls usually contained a supper room along the length of one side, for light meals during balls and other social functions.</p><br>
<p>From the 1910s until the advent of television, rural theatres provided an important social service to people in the surrounding area, including stimulus for the imagination, relief from isolation, and a link with the wider community in Australia and with United States&#39; popular culture. Local picture theatres were also used as social venues for school concerts and dances, and many had level, sprung dance floors. Most small theatres were independently owned, with Queensland having more independent theatres than any other state in Australia. In the 1930s there were about 200 theatres in Queensland, and 75% of these were located outside Brisbane. However, post-war social, economic and technological trends would eventually spell the end for most small rural picture theatres. Almost half of the theatres exhibiting in 1960 and 1961 (388 in Queensland) had closed by 1971.</p><br>
<p>The Majestic Theatre was operated by Ernie Bazzo until he suffered a stroke in 1973. Its busiest period was during World War II, when a Tank Attack (anti-tank gun) Regiment was stationed near Pomona. The troops had priority for seats, and local civilians were irate when they could not get in. Often, people would watch from outside, standing in the middle of the road, which was then the original Bruce Highway. The theatre remained popular after the war, and throughout the 1940s to the 1960s films were shown on Wednesday and Friday evenings and Saturday afternoon, with a cartoon and two movies for four shillings and sixpence. In 1956 the original projector equipment was replaced with equipment from the Tivoli Theatre in Brisbane. At the interval between movies, patrons adjourned to the Kia Ora Cafe next door for pies. This building, later known as the Majestic Cafe, was located north of the theatre, and burnt down c.2002.</p><br>
<p>In 1973 Ron and Mandy West introduced the Travelling Film Festival, which featured first-release and avant garde films, to the Majestic Theatre, and the festival screened at Pomona until 1994. The Wests purchased the theatre in 1974, although title to the land on which it stands was not transferred until January 1979. The Majestic remained the Noosa Shire&#39;s only picture theatre until 1984. The film projection equipment was replaced in 1980, and a DVD system was installed in 2003.</p><br>
<p>Ron West was raised in New Zealand, where he worked in picture theatres as an ice cream boy and a projectionist, and he also worked in theatre stage management, and as a musician or conductor in orchestra music pits. During 13 years as a sound engineer for the Commonwealth Film Unit in Sydney, he ventured into film production and photography. Ron&#39;s late wife Mandy shared his interest in the theatre, and during the 1980s she directed an amateur theatrical group, The Majestic Players, in pantomimes and plays on stage at the Majestic, the stage having been enlarged in 1979. Classical concerts were also held on Sunday afternoons by visiting musicians. Around April 1985 Judith Durham (of The Seekers) and her husband Ronald Edgeworth gave concerts on Friday, Saturday and Sunday for five weekends. In the early 1990s school plays were performed at the Majestic.</p><br>
<p>During the 1980s the theatre also operated as a video hire outlet to help keep it viable. In 1987 West was asked to show a silent movie to a group of travel agents, and since he possessed a print of the 1926 film The Son of the Sheik, starring Rudolf Valentino, he ran the film and accompanied it with his restored Wurlitzer pipe organ, making up the music as he went along. Word got around, and after several months the Wests decided to only show silent movies at the Majestic, which gained world-wide recognition as a silent movie house. Six days a week, the Majestic was open to school visits and coach loads of Australian and international tourists. The most popular silent films shown since 1987 include The Son of the Sheik, the original Raymond Longford production of Dad and Dave in On our Selection, and Charlie Chaplin and Jackie Cooper in The Kid. In 2004 West received the premier Noosa Shire Australia Day Award for his services to culture and the community.</p><br>
<p>West has an interest in pipe organs, and he has used them to accompany the silent films at the Majestic. The current organ console, the only one in a Queensland theatre, is located to the left of the stage and is an electrical 1936 Compton from the Regal Cinema in South Shields, England. It was rebuilt during 2006 and 2007 by West and John Brooks. The pipe chamber, which also contains a bank of 1930s electrical organ switches from the Theatre Royal in Halifax, is located within the former supper room extension on the south east side of the theatre. Three ranks of Christie pipes in the chamber were originally from a theatre in Dunedin, New Zealand, and were owned by a church in Sydney before they were acquired by West in 1985. Other ranks of pipes have been obtained, with the hope of eventually having 12 ranks.</p><br>
<p>West did not just collect pipe organ parts - the timber organ grill that separates the organ room from the auditorium is made of Oregon pine, and comes from the Roxy Theatre in Parramatta. In the past West has also salvaged stage drapes, furnishings and equipment from the Regent, Wintergarden, Her Majestys theatres in Brisbane, and the Wintergarden in Ipswich. The former office of the Pomona Butter Factory (since incorporated into the Page Furnishers factory complex) was given to the Wests and now stands behind the theatre.</p><br>
<p>In late 2006 the land on which the theatre stands was transferred to Pomona Progress Art Tourism Inc, a community group which intends to run the Majestic Theatre as an all-purpose entertainment venue. Ron West stayed on to manage the theatre and to play the organ during silent movies. In September 2006 the first team of SkillCentred Community Jobs Project workers (whose wages were paid by the Queensland Government), began an upgrade of the theatre, which reopened in mid 2007. Grants were also provided by the Noosa Shire Council and the Australian Government.</p><br>
<p>Upgrades included restumping the building with steel, replacing the roofing iron and correcting the roofs sag with steel reinforcement, bracing walls, refixing much of the exterior cladding, and replacing interior linings and the ceiling. Asbestos boards used in the building were replaced with modern materials. The fixed seating was removed and was replaced with moveable seating built by Page Furnishers, and the organ chamber was rebuilt and extended. The roof of the stage was raised to match the roof of the auditorium, the floor of the dressing room was raised to stage level, and new sliding doors were installed at the rear of the building. The former Majestic Cafe was refurbished for use as Valentinos Restaurant, while the former shop space to the right of the main entrance was refurbished as a modern kitchen. The sprung dance floor was sanded back and oiled, the toilet area was modernised, and a snack and beverages bar was installed in the foyer. New paths and ramps have been added around the building&#39;s exterior.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>At the south end of Factory Street on the east side of the railway line, the Majestic Theatre stands prominently in the streetscape of the Pomona.</p><br>
<p>A long rectangular cream-painted building, with a striking red trim picking out a number of element (posts, window sills, fascias and cover strips), the theatre is sheltered by a gable roof clad in corrugated metal sheeting crowned with a barrel-roofed ventilation ridge. The roof is concealed from the street by a three-part timber framed parapet with curved fibreboard panels. A bull nosed awning supported by bevelled timber posts with decorative Y-shaped brackets projects out from the building sheltering the footpath. The building is clad with chamferboards and stands on low concrete stumps. Metal screens run on rails along the north side of the building shading the large web lattice screen to the restaurant.</p><br>
<p>A gable roofed bio-box projects from the building over the central entrance, within the awning. Clad with fibreboard fixed with batten cover strips, the bio-box has two pairs of casement windows overlooking the street. The underside of the bio-box forms a ceiling to the entrance and is lined with fibreboard with cover strips formed into decorative diamond patterns.</p><br>
<p>Timber steps rise from the footpath to the timber floored entrance porch, the sides of which funnel in towards the pair of large timber entrance doors. The walls to the porch are clad with vertical timber boards. The early ticket booth window, now boarded up, is to the right hand side of the entrance porch.</p><br>
<p>The theatre is organised around the central auditorium, with flanking sides accommodating a restaurant and toilets to the north; and a cafe, commercial kitchen, organ room and storage to the south. The small foyer has a plain battened fibreboard ceiling sloping towards the auditorium and accommodates a recently fitted bar and ticket booth. It opens to the sides to the restaurant and cafe. A timber framed partition lined with fibreboard separates the foyer and auditorium. A dress circle sits above the foyer and is reached by a set of timber stairs to the left of the doorway from the foyer into the auditorium. The dress circle has a sloping timber floor and accommodates several rows of moveable seats. The bio-box standing to the rear of the dress circle is newly lined with plasterboard and accommodates the electronic console controlling the film projection.</p><br>
<p>The auditorium has a flat (not raked, as often found in theatres) floor of fine crow&#39;s ash boards and a coved ceiling newly lined with plasterboard with plain batten cover strips. Timber vents run around the perimeter at skirting level. A raised, timber-floored stage with a decorated proscenium arch stands at the east end of the auditorium. The proscenium arch has decorative scrolls to the overhead centre panel and painted landscape scenes to the horizontal side panels. A round framed landscape painting sits to the centre of decorative scrollwork. A white painted Compton organ console stands in the auditorium to the left of the stage. A timber fretted screen to the right side wall allows the projection of sound from the plant room of the organ housed in the room adjacent. The plant for the organ includes pipes, various sound effects mechanisms, wiring and other apparatus.</p><br>
<p>Remnants of an earlier decorative paint scheme remain to the side walls of auditorium presently covered by long red serge curtains. The scheme is notable for a decorative wallpaper dado frieze. Recent moveable metal framed and fabric upholstered chairs made by Page Furnishers of Pomona can be arranged in rows within the auditorium or stacked when not in use.</p><br>
<p>The stage opens externally to the rear by sliding doors onto a narrow timber floored dock running across the exterior the building.</p><br>
<p>The two flanking shopfronts each have large two-light clear glass windows with six small patterned lights above and a narrow timber entrance door. Valentino&#39;s Restaurant is accommodated within the north side shop space. The interior decorative scheme includes a copy of the early decorative dado motif and paint scheme found in theatre auditorium.</p><br>
<p>The roof framing is strengthened with steel sleeves to the timber trusses.</p><br>
<p>A plaque indicating the theatre is part of the Pomona heritage walk is fixed to the front of the building. A newly concreted footpath has metal stars set within it recognising those who have contributed to the ongoing success of the theatre, including Ron and Mandy West.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Majestic Theatre was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 February 2009 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Majestic Theatre in Pomona, a venue that has shown films continuously since 1921, is important in demonstrating the development of picture theatres in Queensland and the part that picture-going played in the life of rural Queenslanders from the 1920s to the 1950s. The Majestic Theatre, constructed as the Majestic Hall and modified in the 1930s to show "talkies", also demonstrates the evolution of film exhibition venues in Queensland, whereby community halls were often used to show pictures, prior to converting the hall into a picture theatre, or constructing a purpose-built cinema. In addition, it demonstrates the practice of independent film exhibition by owner-operators in rural Queensland towns.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Majestic theatre is rare as one of the few pre-World War II picture theatres remaining in Queensland that have not been demolished or adapted to other uses. It is also Queensland&#39;s longest continuously operating picture theatre.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Although the Majestic Theatre was recently refurbished, its floor plan and design still illustrates the characteristics of a small rural picture theatre that has been adapted from a local hall. These characteristics include the hall&#39;s original retail spaces and the supper room section on the southeast elevation. The installation of a bio-box and gallery was also a typical means of converting a hall into a picture theatre.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Over the last 20 years the Majestic Theatre has developed a following of silent film enthusiasts, and its popularity ensured that the theatre&#39;s refurbishment during 2006-2007 received financial support from private individuals and businesses as well as from the Local, State, and Federal governments.</p><br>
<p>The Pomona Police Station and Court House is a heritage-listed former police station at Red Street, Pomona, Shire of Noosa, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1934. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 May 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Police and court house precinct at Pomona is bounded by Red Street and Rectory Street, and contains three significant 1930s government buildings, all of which are still in use in some form. The close spatial relationship of the wooden police residence (& former station), court house, and lock-up is typical of pre-World War II Queensland police precincts, and the history of the site reflects the history of the Pomona district.</p><br>
<p>In the 1850s the area was used for cattle runs, but by the 1860s timber getting was a local industry. The Unoccupied Crown Lands Act 1860, and the Crown Land Alienation Acts 1868 aided this process. Access to cheap land assisted the harvesting of kauri, cedar, hoop pine and beech, and hastened closer settlement. The discovery of gold at Gympie by James Nash in 1867 also stimulated development in the district. In 1868, the main road to Gympie ran a couple of miles west of the current Shire, but an alternative route ran through Tewantin, which was surveyed in 1871. The Gympie-Cooran rail link established in 1889 was used to transport timber from the Kin Kin and Pinbarren Scrub areas, and the Eumundi to Cooroy line was built in 1891. The Co-Operative Communities Land Settlement Act 1893 also led to two experimental communities being established in the shire.</p><br>
<p>Pomona was established to give settlers in the scrublands better access to the 1891 North Coast railway line. Before Pomona was surveyed in 1900, the bend where settlers hailed the train to send their goods to market was called the "Pinbarren siding". As the name Pinbarren was already taken by another settlement, Pomona, the name of the Roman Goddess of fruit, was chosen for the new town. The Pinbarren Provisional School (1897) became the Pomona State School in 1908. The current Noosa Shire was created in 1909, and covers the towns of Cooran, Pomona, Cooroy, Tewantin and Noosa, and the Shire Council office was based in Pomona until 1980.</p><br>
<p>In the first decade of the 20th century, industry in the area shifted from timber to dairying. In 1907 the Cooroy estate was resumed from a sawmiller, enabling close settlement by New South Wales dairy farmers, and fruit, sugar cane, and maize was also grown. Kin Kin was opened up for dairying after 1904, and trees were cleared for pasture. Until the establishment of a butter factory at Kin Kin (1912-1937), cream was sent by road to Cooran, and then by rail to Gympie&#39;s butter factory, established in 1898. Butter factories were also opened at Cooroy in 1915 (closed 1976), and at Pomona in 1919 (closed 1970).</p><br>
<p>However, bananas were also an important crop in the Shire after 1908, peaking in the 1920s before being decimated by "Bunchy Top" disease in the 1930s. With the decline of banana growing, dairying was the main industry in the Noosa Shire from the 1930s to the 1960s, when competition from margarine, the loss of butter markets, and pasture decline saw dairying replaced by beef cattle. By the 1990s, Pomona was relying on fruit and furniture manufacture for its livelihood.</p><br>
<p>As the district developed and evolved, so too did the system of policing in Queensland. The Police Act 1863 centralised the system under a Police Commissioner, and in 1864 the Victorian model was applied to the police force. The ranks of Chief, District and Mounted Constables were replaced with those of Inspector, Sub-Inspector, Sergeant and Constable. The Police Department was a sub-department of the Home Secretary until its 1952 move to the Health and Home Affairs portfolio. It was shifted around in the 1950s and 1960s, until the Police Act 1970 created a separate Police Department.</p><br>
<p>The Police Commissioner at the time the first Police Station was established in Pomona (1927) was William H. Ryan (January 1925 to May 1934), and he appears to have also pushed for the building of the 1934 Police Station and court house. During the building of the latter in late 1934, Cecil James Carroll was Commissioner (May 1934 to July 1949). Carroll reorganised the police force, and increased its numbers, efficiency and morale.</p><br>
<p>Pomona had been agitating for a police station since at least 1910. In February of that year, the manager of the Commercial Bank of Australia at Pomona wrote to the Home Secretary complaining that the nearest police officer was in Tewantin. The two banks at Pomona were the only permanent banks between Emundi and Gympie, and held £2000 in cash between them. Also in February 1910, Eugene Von Blanckensee, a carpenter and local Justice of the Peace, wrote that Pomona needed a police station. The only response was that the town was visited by an officer from Nambour each Monday, and by one from Gympie each Thursday. Police Commissioner William G. Cahill (April 1905 to December 1916) did not act on the recommendation of Maryborough District Inspector Marrett to temporarily station an officer at Pomona until a station was built at Cooroy. Marrett had recommended a police station in Cooroy in December 1909, giving as a reason the rapid development of the area in the preceding two years.</p><br>
<p>Pomona was persistent, however. In June 1910 a Pomona delegation consisting of A.P. Curran, J.W Napier, and J.J. Wilkinson travelled to Brisbane to see John Appel, the Home Secretary, to press their case for a police station. In July 1910 Maryborough District Inspector P. Short reported that Pomonas location was roughly halfway between Cooroy and Cooran, and halfway between Gympie and Nambour, and that it was 12 miles from nearest policeman at Tewantin. Short noted that the Noosa Shires population was rapidly increasing due to timber getting, and the influx of settlers and their labour; that undesirables were also passing through Pomona on their way to Gympie; and that Pomona had two banks, two butchers, two stores, a hotel, a state school and a newspaper. Short offered several potential central sites in Pomona for a police station.</p><br>
<p>However, although both Cooran and Cooroy had police stations by 1920, Pomona was still lacking. In November 1926, Maryborough District Inspector J. Mann recommended a station at Pomona, and Commissioner Ryan visited Cooran and Pomona on 15 April 1927. On 22 April 1927 Constable Howie from Cooran reported that a Mr Blanckensee was willing to build a house for the police in return for a 3-year lease. He needed 3 months notice to build it, and could rent it to the police for 27 shillings and 6p per week (by June the price was 30 shillings). The offer would stand to 1 August 1927.</p><br>
<p>The Police Commissioner recommended this offer to the Home Secretary in June 1927. On 9 July 1927, Pomona residents became indignant when the Co-op Stores and Hanlons Store were broken into, and this may have prompted the police to accept Blanckensees offer on 23 July 1927. Blanckensee built a four-room house with kitchen, bathroom and front and back verandas, along with a stable and feed-room, on his 34.6 perches of land at Sub 32 of allotments 1 and 2, Section 3. The house still stands behind the current police precinct, at 1 Railway Parade.</p><br>
<p>On 3 September 1927 the vacancy for an officer at Pomona was advertised in the Police Gazette, and the new police station was rented from 1 October 1927, in the name of Ivy Elizabeth Von Blanckensee, for 30 Shillings per week. On 10 October 1927 a Short Lee-Enfield rifle and revolver, baton, tools, horse tack, a lantern, pouches and other equipment was requisitioned for the Pomona Police Station, opened on 3 November 1927 by Constable Harry England Brown (stationed at Pomona until 1932).</p><br>
<p>On 27 May 1927, the Noosa Advocate reported a visit to the area by Attorney General John Mullan and Undersecretary to the Department of Justice, G. Carter. They were deciding on a site for a Court of Petty Sessions in the Noosa Shire, and local businessmen promoted Pomona as a central location in the butter, timber and banana producing area. Both Pomona and Cooroy had lobbied for a court in 1915. In December 1927 Constable Brown wrote that since Pomona had been appointed by the Governor on 15 December 1927 to hold Courts of Petty Sessions, starting on 2 January 1928, it would need a cell. A removable single-cell lock-up and an earth closet were built by the Department of Public Works on Blanckensee&#39;s property by 9 September 1928.</p><br>
<p>On 11 January 1928 Under Secretary G.A. Carter accepted an offer from the Pomona School of Arts, built in 1926, to permit the Acting Clerk of Petty Sessions (Constable Brown) to use the office attached to the School of Arts. The weekly rent would be 7 shillings and 6p, with free use of the hall for court sessions. By July 1930 Constable Brown was complaining that this arrangement lacked privacy, that a new station and court house was needed, and that the current 30 Shillings per week rent for Blanckensee&#39;s house was too high.</p><br>
<p>In August 1930 Commissioner Ryan recommended the idea of a new station and court house to the Home Secretary, given that Pomona was at the centre of the Cooroy, Cooran and Tewantin Divisions, and that the Court of Petty Sessions was held there. Since January 1928, 63 people had been arrested at Cooran, Cooroy, Tewantin, and Pomona, and 24 Police summons cases had been dealt with. Ryan stated that Pomona was important as a farming and dairying centre, and suggested building on the Police Reserve at Pomona. However, in October 1930 the Blanckensee lease was instead renewed for 3 years, at the reduced rate of 27 shillings and 6p; the amount first suggested by Blanckensee in April 1927.</p><br>
<p>Brown tried again in December 1932, shortly before Constable Robert H. Sabien, who was to be stationed at Pomona until 1940, replaced him. Brown argued that since the Blanckensee lease would expire in October 1933, a new police station and court house, a second cell, a stable and an earth closet should be built. He mentioned that the earth closet and single cell lock-up from the Blanckensee property could be reused. With regard to his current Court of Petty Sessions office, he stated he had "put up with" a lot of interruptions in the previous 5 years, because of the use of School of Arts hall by community groups during the day. It is interesting to note that the number of people appearing before Queenslands magistrates courts fell from 30,000 to 25,000 between 1930 and 1933, only to increase to 35,000 by 1939.</p><br>
<p>On 26 April 1933 a memorandum to the Under Secretary of the Home Department reported that about 2 and a half roods of suitable land had been found 12 chains from the railway station, near the 1927 police station. The owner, L. Horrocks, wanted £100 for it. The memorandum stated that the Police Reserve on the South West of Pomona was 20 chains from the business centre, which could be a problem when moving "obstreperous" prisoners. By this time the Court of Petty Sessions office at the School of Arts was being provided at no cost to the Police.</p><br>
<p>By October 1933 Blanckensee was only willing to renew the lease on the station for a minimum of 2 years, as he claimed that other tenants were interested. However, the Police seem to have gained an extension for a year, since the final lease was set to expire on September 30, 1934.</p><br>
<p>On 13 June 1934 the Department of Public Works commenced construction of a police station/residence, two-cell lock-up, court house and stable. Three carpenters and one labourer were put on the job, and it was estimated that the work would take about 10 weeks. In the end, work was completed by 31 August 1934, and Blanckensee&#39;s house was vacated on 1 September the new police station being occupied the same day. In October 1934 the Department of Public Works gave Police Commissioner Carroll official notice that Job £37537, ordered on 3 April 1934, had been completed at a cost of £1030. This notification seems to only apply to the police station/residence itself, as an identical station was erected at Mitchelton in Brisbane in 1935 for £1221. The court house apparently cost £524.</p><br>
<p>In July 1932 Assistant Supervising Architect of the Department of Public Works, Harold James Parr had designed the plans for the Police Station, Type Two, erected at Pomona. Records indicate that sixteen Type Two stations were built in Queensland in the 1930s. The Type Two was high-set, with wooden weatherboards, an office 12 by 11, three bedrooms at 12 by 12, a living room of 16 by 12, and a kitchen of 11 by 12. It came with a stove recess, pantry, bathroom, open 8&#39; verandas on two sides, an enclosed veranda to rear, two 1000-gallon water tanks on stands next to the house, and a laundry under the kitchen.</p><br>
<p>Pre-World War II police stations commonly combined an office and a residence, especially in rural areas. Accommodation problems had always been rife in the 19th century and early 20th century Queensland Police Force with the Queensland Government being slow to provide money. During the 1930s Great Depression the police were also responsible for distributing unemployed relief, and most stations needed more office space to administer the Intermittent Relief System.</p><br>
<p>Until 2004, only small changes had been made to the 1934 precinct. In 1940 Constable James Elstob (1940-1942) made a request to garage his private car under the house, noting it would be 39 from the cells, 66 from the court house, and 69&#39; from the stables. In 1951 Sergeant 2/c F.S. Tapsell, (1946-1951) wrote that the buildings had been painted externally, but that the five main rooms of the residence had never been painted internally and were in sore need of it. In 1956 Sergeant 2/c P.H. Gimpel, (1951-1960) requested minor repairs and additions, for example mosquito and frog-proofing of all water tanks, an awning over the back entrance landing of the residence, and repairs to the two earth closets.</p><br>
<p>Also in 1956, the stationing of a motorcycle outfit in Pomona led to a request by Gimpel to modify the disused stable by enclosing the front of the stable, and adding a door. The bottom portion of the wall at the rear of the stable would have to be removed, a double door erected, and a concrete floor laid.</p><br>
<p>In 1965 and 1967 Senior Constable Alan Walker (1964–67) requested a septic system, and in 1968 this request was repeated by Senior Constable Luis Olsen (1968–73), who also asked that the back entrance landing be enclosed, as well as part of east veranda, where rain was beating against the doors into the main bedroom and the lounge.</p><br>
<p>Pomona was a two-man station between 1949 and 1963, and there was a second police residence somewhere in Pomona. A 1963 report on staffing at Pomona by the Maryborough Inspectors Office said that one officer had managed the station for 10 months between mid 1961 and the end of 1962 and that it was possible to reduce Pomona to a one-man station again, especially since the new Bruce Highway had bypassed Pomona in December 1962. The report also noted that Courts of Petty sessions were held at Pomona for the Police divisions of Pomona, Cooran, Cooroy and Tewantin. A Stipendiary Magistrate was stationed at Gympie, and visited when required. In 1987 the Magistrates Court moved to Noosa Heads, and the lock-up ceased its role around that time. It is now a Registered Property Point for police storage.</p><br>
<p>The court house is still in use 3 days per week (Tuesday to Thursday), and the Pomona Court Registrar handles civil matters such as small claims, minor debt claims and claims, pre-trail hearings and payment of court fines as well as other general government matters including Registrar-General work and business name applications. Most work is done through the mail. In 2001 the court had a civil jurisdiction of 12000 people, in Cooran, Cooroy, Kin Kin, Pinbarren, and Pomona.</p><br>
<p>In 1963 Sergeant G. Williams (1961-1963) had requested a lowset office, as the steps up to the 1934 stations office posed a problem for the elderly and the drunk. However, it wasnt until 2004 that construction began on a new lowset concrete block police station, between the old station and the court house.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Pomona Police and Court House precinct, Lot 4, P50113, covers 3297 square metres and currently contains ten structures and an impound yard. The rectangular court house fronts Red Street, and further west the police residence (& former station) also fronts Red Street, with a side path to the office entering from Rectory Street. A new concrete block police station has been constructed between these two buildings. The 1934 lock-up lies behind the 1934 station, to the north.</p><br>
<p>The lowset weatherboard lock-up, of standard government design, consists of two cells, an oversail veranda enclosed by a steel grill, and a galvanized corrugated steel roof with lead head nails. The lock- up stands on concrete stumps. The cells have steel doors and observation ports, with barred windows above the doors, and barred rear windows, and are lined with horizontal, unpainted boards with steel tongue inserts between them. The exterior is painted a standard government colour. Judging from its construction it is possible that it pre-dates 1934, and that it was relocated to the Pomona site.</p><br>
<p>The court house is highset and clad in weatherboard, standing on concrete perimeter stumps and tubular steel centre stumps. It has timber framed window hoods clad with corrugated steel, over glass louvres, and casement windows, which have been painted white for privacy. It has vented gable ends, front and rear, with fixed louvres at the apex. Its eves are unlined, with a ventilation gap at the top of the walls. It has a wooden access ramp leading to the office at the rear of the court house, and a front veranda. Its interior is clad in vertical board, and the courtroom contains the original wooden magistrates bench, witness stand and dock. A small storage room is at the back of the courtroom.</p><br>
<p>The 1934 police residence is also clad in weatherboard and highset on concrete perimeter posts, with the same window hoods and casement windows as the court house. Its L-shaped veranda has been enclosed. A front gable contains the office, reached by side stairs leading to projecting gabled portico. A rear gable contains the kitchen. The original design contained three bedrooms and a living room, and an enclosed veranda with sliding sashes between the kitchen and bathroom at the rear of the house, but we were unable to inspect the current interior. Front and rear stairs rise parallel to the house, leading to the front veranda and rear door, respectively. Externally, apart from the enclosed verandas, the removal of the 1000-gallon water tanks, and the angle of the stairs to the office, it closely resembles the original 1932 architect&#39;s plans.</p><br>
<p>There is an unused weatherboard Earth Closet east of the lock-up. In addition there is a weatherboard shed facing Rectory Street, which is possibly the old stable that was recommended for conversion to motorcycle storage around 1956, although locals suggest that the stable was a different structure, now removed. The current shed has a casement/sash window facing the street, a single pitch skillion roof, and is timber framed and lined, with a double wooden door to the rear, and a recent roller door. Half of the shed stands on concrete stumps, with half constructed on a concrete slab.</p><br>
<p>Vegetation on the property includes two large palm trees and one smaller palm in front of the 1934 police residence, and a bottle tree in front of the 1934 court house. A tubular pipe fence with wire mesh runs around the property, although sections have been removed from in front of the new station building, and a construction entrance off Rectory Street.</p><br>
<p>The new concrete block police station, the concrete block toilets behind the court house, the old chicken-pen of recycled timber and corrugated iron (1980s) to the east of the impound yard, the new aluminium shed to the west of the lock-up, and the small garage facing Rectory Street, south of weatherboarded shed mentioned above, are not of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Pomona Police residence (& former station), lock-up and court house were listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 May 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place illustrates the relationship between the evolution of the site and the history of the development of the Pomona township and the Noosa Shire. The changes to the site also reflect changes within Police and Justice Department policies and practices. In addition, the site illustrates the use of standard building types developed by the Department of Public Works as an economical means to build symbols of "law and order" in developing townships.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>This grouping of three government buildings, built in the same year, on the same site, is important in demonstrating the principle characteristics of, and is a substantially intact example of, a small town police station / court house group, and the work of the Department of Public Works, including the development of various building "types".</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>As a substantially intact 1930s police station / court house group, the site is evocative of a past era of law enforcement in a small country town. The buildings including the police residence (& former station), court house and lock-up, although of modest intentions, are a good example of this type of work undertaken by the Department of Public Works, including attention to the requirements of the subtropical climate. The Interior of the court house (particularly the courtroom) is substantially intact and includes purpose built court house furniture for the courtroom, office, and verandahs.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The precinct has a strong, ongoing association with the local community. Pomona went through a determined process of lobbying for a police station, and the precinct has played, and continues to play, its role of providing the essential functions of law and justice.</p><br>
<p>Noosa River Caravan Park is a heritage-listed caravan park at Russell Street, Noosaville, Shire of Noosa, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1929 onwards. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 April 2009.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Noosa River Caravan Park is located between Russell Street and the Noosa River at Noosaville at a site known as Munna Point. It was established in 1956 as a reserve for camping and recreation under the trusteeship of the Noosa Shire Council. Previously the land had been reserved for public purposes from 1884 and camping on the site is recorded from. As motorised transport became dominant and leisure time increased, particularly post-World War II, this site was established as a caravan park to meet the needs of the growing number of caravanning holiday-makers whose destination was the North Coast. Its still-water river-side location, easily accessible by car from the major Tewantin to Noosa road, and its range of accommodation and amenities, which have evolved over time, demonstrate all the features of a typical caravan park.</p><br>
<p>This site was originally part of a Reserve for Aboriginal Mission Purposes that extended from a point east of Tewantin to Noosa Heads following the Noosa River, and south along the coastline, as shown on an 1871 cadastral map. One early settler in the area recorded that Munna Point was a favourite camping place and fishing spot for indigenous people and a corroborree site. The Aboriginal Mission Reserve was cancelled in 1878 and a Noosa Heads township was gazetted in the following year. In 1884 an 80-acre Reserve for Public Purposes, which incorporated all of Munna Point including the future site of the Reserve for Camping and Recreation, was declared.</p><br>
<p>The North Coast region began to develop as a holiday destination at the end of the 19th century but poor access inhibited its growth. Tewantin, Maroochydore and Caloundra developed as recreational destinations from the 1880s. This reflected the preferences of the Victorian era for a calm shallow stretch of river or still-water seaside location which allowed safe bathing, boating and fishing. Camping along rivers and on reserves occurred especially over the Christmas-New Year period.</p><br>
<p>All three settlements remained small before World War I, used mainly by their small hinterland populations rather than visitors from Brisbane. North Coast tourists arrived by train at stations between Landsborough and Cooroy before using local forms of motorised transport to reach coastal destinations from railway stations between Landsborough to Cooroy. Tewantin was the largest of the three owing to its pre-existing role as a port settlement serving Gympie and the local timber industry.</p><br>
<p>As transport networks improved accessibility, the resort settlements became more popular. During the interwar period Tewantin remained more prominent than its neighbouring settlement at Noosa Heads and it continued to be important even after vehicular access was opened to Noosa Heads in 1929. Tewantin was the commercial centre and most holiday facilities were located there. A wooden swimming enclosure was located in the river adjacent to the wharves on the western bank at Tewantin from as early as 1915. The Parkyn family had a jetty, boat hire and bait business upstream from the later site of the Lake Doonella Bridge.</p><br>
<p>North Coast tourist development was fostered by substantial improvements to the regions road transport network during the interwar period. From the early 1920s, road works by local councils and the Main Roads Commission improved connections between inland and coastal settlements. Improved road access from Brisbane and inland towns during the 1930s increased the popularity of the North Coast as a resort. During the 1930s most of the Bruce Highway to Nambour was bituminised. The construction of the bridges and road linking Tewantin and Noosa boosted the latters prospects and the settlement was gazetted as a township in 1930.</p><br>
<p>The opening in 1929 of the Doonella Bridge at Tewantin over Lake Doonella and the Weyba Creek Bridge instigated development at Noosaville and Munna Point. Tewantin businessman Jack Parkyn, who owned the launch Miss Tewantin, diverted the boat from her previous major use as a down-river ferry to carrying tourist groups on cruises as far up the river and its lake system as Boreen Point. He purchased land at the more easterly section of Noosaville, known as Munna Point, where he developed a holiday complex. Additionally, he bought other individual allotments in the Noosaville area where he constructed holiday houses and flats. On a block of allotments in Russell Street, Munna Point, he erected a complex consisting of a row of six holiday homes, which proved to be very successful, and a general store to provide items needed by local residents and the holidaymakers who were staying in his houses. Fishing was a very popular pastime on the Noosa River and Jack Parkyn encouraged visitors holidaying in his houses to participate in this sport by providing a rowing boat with each holiday house he let an entrepreneurial action that was well received by his patrons. The advent of personal motor transport increased in interest in camping and caravanning by holidaymakers in the downstream reaches of the river. On the side of Russell Street opposite his holiday house complex in Munna Point, Jack Parkyn began clearing the existing reserve to open it for these purposes. Undergrowth was cleared to prevent the breeding of midges. With the establishment of the Munna Point venture, visitor numbers to the facility continued to increase.</p><br>
<p>With the considerable growth of car ownership during the interwar period caravans began appearing on Queensland roads. Caravans offered freedom for the affluent motor tourist, without sacrificing comfort. As a "home away from home", fitted with modern conveniences, caravans were markedly different from the simplicity of camping under a canvas tent. Caravans were an alternative to local hotels and guesthouses, the latter being in high demand during peak seasons, and providing varying levels of quality.</p><br>
<p>Post-World War II the popularity of caravans became more noticeable as the tourist industry resumed its pre-war expansion predicated on improved roads. In 1946, The Road Ahead was noting the numbers of motor tourists from Victoria and New South Wales holidaying in Queensland. There was estimated to be 12,000 caravans on Australia roads by 1948/49. The Caravan Club of Australia was formed in 1948 and a Brisbane branch had been established by 1951, offering advice to visitors.</p><br>
<p>The Royal Automobile Club of Queensland (RACQ) fostered the popularity of caravanning in Queensland by pushing for changes to restrictive road laws and improved caravanning facilities. The 1950 Queensland Traffic Act limited cars towing caravans to 25 miles per hour, compared to 50 for cars. By 1960 this speed had been lifted to 40. From 1949 when increasing numbers of caravans were appearing on North Coast roads the RACQ was urging local authorities on tourist routes to provide well equipped camps "to prepare for the boom". In 1954, RACQ Secretary Len King drew attention to the poor state of Queenslands caravan parks, noting that the average caravanner spent £5 in the local area in which they stayed. King accompanied the Club&#39;s vice-president J.M Marshall on a tour to north Queensland, with the objective of demonstrating to local authorities and the press the lack of adequate provisions for caravanning tourists. The club published Modern Caravan Parks offering advice to local authorities and others interested in establishing caravan parks.</p><br>
<p>The growth of motor tourism during the 1950s was stimulated by the lifting of petrol rationing by the Menzies government, the increased affordability of cars for the wider population and longer paid holidays. Other factors that influenced the development of tourism on the Sunshine Coast were the popular taste for beach holidays and population growth in South-East Queensland. This in turn influenced the number of caravan users and development of caravan parks. Development of the Noosa area was boosted by the opening of the coastal road (David Low Way) in 1960 linking the main resorts at Caloundra, Maroochydore and Noosa.</p><br>
<p>Intrinsically linked to the rise of motor transport and improved roads were caravan parks. From the late 1930s, private developers were the first to offer caravan parks with modern facilities and structured layout. By 1960, a mix of public and private parks had been established on what was becoming known as the Sunshine Coast.</p><br>
<p>The site of Noosa River Caravan Park (about 2.98ha) was reserved as a Reserve for Caravan and Camping Purposes in 1956 by its excision from the 80 acre Reserve for Public Purposes at Munna Point. This early reservation of the Noosa River Caravan Park as a caravan and camping reserve places it at the vanguard of the caravanning period. Queensland caravan registration figures increased substantially from 2320 in 1953 to 5406 in 1961. Caravan manufacturers and saleyards (at least 18 in Brisbane by 1960) took their place on outer suburban commercial strips. Rental and second hand vans were common.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1950s, relatively few sites in Queensland offered the necessary infrastructure to accommodate caravanning needs. Calls for improvements to sites and facilities accompanied increased caravan usage. Advocates looked to the United States and the United Kingdom for examples of best practice in caravan parks. Caravanning guides and journals offered suggestions for layout and features. These were a more formal arrangement of space than camping, characterised by grid or circular layouts and landscaped grounds.</p><br>
<p>Features common to caravan parks include location near a main road, a prominent entrance, on-site caretakers/proprietors, recreation room, levelled concrete slabs, landscaped grounds, hose connections, electricity, large amenities block with washing machines and hot showers. Many parks offered on-site vans for rental. Park listings in 1961 record "tradespeople" calling to parks, to deliver essentials like bread and milk.</p><br>
<p>Continual updating of facilities in caravan parks has also been a common trend. Development of private and public caravan parks expanded during the 1960s. An inspection by RACQ club officials in 1962 of the state&#39;s caravan and camping grounds noted the progress through local government efforts, especially advancements by privately owned parks. Many council camping grounds became known as "caravan parks" as site facilities became more geared to their use. Over time, investment in facilities at Council-operated caravan parks increased as tourism came to play a greater economic role in the region. In 1966 a new amenities block was finished at Munna Point and it was decided by the Noosa Shire Council to bring rates for use in line with those of Noosa Heads and Tewantin "in view of campers using additional electrical appliances there was a necessity to review scale of charges" according to Shire Health Inspector. On the coastal strip between Noosa and Caloundra in 1968, there were 24 sites operating as caravan parks and five out of the six council camping reserves offered facilities for caravans, including power. This was a significant increase since 1960, marking the decade as a high point for caravan park development on the Sunshine Coast.</p><br>
<p>By the 1970s, caravanning was a well established and common leisure practice. A self-contained holiday in a caravan became an annual ritual for many campers, often returning to the same park year after year, members of a holiday community linked by shared experiences of place.</p><br>
<p>After private houses, caravans were the most popular form of holiday accommodation in Australia in 1976. They were significant contributors to local economies in tourist regions, through accommodation fees and flow on effects to other local businesses.</p><br>
<p>During the last 25 years development on the North Coast has been especially rapid with the population of the Sunshine Coast growing at around twice the rate of the State as a whole. The Sunshine Coast is now Queensland&#39;s third largest tourist destination in terms of holiday accommodation after the Gold Coast and Cairns. This has meant that although there is still strong demand for caravan park accommodation, there is also increased pressure for these strategically and attractively located, relatively undeveloped sites to be utilised for other accommodation types or returned to parkland. The closure of caravan parks in coastal areas began in the 1970s as more intensive commercial and residential development occurred in the region. In 2007, there are 16 caravan parks remaining on the coastal strip and no council camping reserves. At Munna Point the bulk of the 80 acre Reserve for Public Purposes adjacent to the Noosa River Caravan Park was cut up for development in 1980 and this land has subsequently become the site of apartment blocks.</p><br>
<p>Noosa River Caravan Park has continued to operate as affordable riverside holiday accommodation amidst the extensive development on the Sunshine Coast. Future land use of caravan park sites, particularly on Crown land, remains a contentious topic. Local communities and visitors have come to attach special significance to caravan parks as places of leisure as has been demonstrated by their efforts to protect council-operated caravan parks on Crown land. The significance of this site as a social space and place of leisure for visitors and the local community has a long history. As a site intrinsically linked to the development of tourism in Noosa Shire since the 1920s at least, it is an important part of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Occupying 2.98 hectares of waterfront land off Russell Street at Noosaville, the Noosa River Caravan Park is a green and leafy site with grassed areas and scatterings of trees, shrubs and hedges on the sandy river front at Munna Point. Bounded by the Noosa River to the northwest and Weyba Creek to the northeast, the park offers expansive views up and down the Noosa River and across to Noosa Sound.</p><br>
<p>The park offers powered and unpowered van and tent sites, river front beaches and a day picnic area. Facilities include a large open camp kitchen shed, a boat ramp access to Noosa River and two masonry amenities blocks. A caretaker&#39;s residence and office stand near the entrance off Russell Street. There are a number of parking spaces along the northwest side of the spine road.</p><br>
<p>The park is organised off a spine road which runs the length of the site with finger roadways running off to the southeast. The powered van sites each front a finger roadway and have a concrete slab to accommodate a van. There are a number of unpowered van sites to the northeast end off the circular roadway that terminates the spine. Running along the river side of the spine road from the park entrance there are the day picnic area, boat ramp and an unpowered tent area terminating at the beach at the north end. A number of powered tent sites are located to the rear of the park at the northeast and south ends. The grassed and treed day picnic area fronts the sandy edge of the Noosa River and accommodates picnic tables, BBQs and a fish gutting table.</p><br>
<p>There is no permanent accommodation offered (maximum stay is three months) and the park does not offer on-site cabins or vans.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Noosa River Caravan Park was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 April 2009 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Noosa River Caravan Park is important in demonstrating the pattern of development of the Sunshine Coast, an important region for the development of seaside tourism in Queensland. Originally designated as part of an 80-acre reserve for public purposes in 1884, the Noosa River Caravan Park has sustained its land use as a camping/caravan park from at least the 1920s and is important evidence of the pattern of development of the tourist industry on the Sunshine Coast. The Noosa River Caravan Park illustrates the policy of colonial governments of reserving Crown land for public camping and recreation purposes in prime waterside areas, a practice which was common, but is now rare.</p><br>
<p>The Noosa River Caravan Park is important in demonstrating the evolution of tourist accommodation on the Sunshine Coast, an historically important region for the development of caravan parks in Queensland. It does this through its beginnings a riverside camping ground dating from the 1920s, then as a caravan park created at the vanguard of the boom period for caravanning and later through periodic updating of its facilities in response to contemporary demands. The site was intrinsically linked to the phenomenon of caravanning that resulted from the rise of mass motoring Australia-wide in the second half of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Noosa River Caravan Park represents a land use and custom that has made a strong contribution to the pattern and evolution of Queensland&#39;s tourism history. It is an excellent example of a camping and caravanning site that has been used by Queensland holiday-makers since the 1920s. Located adjacent to an area of quiet water allowing easy access for swimming, boating and fishing activities, Noosa River Caravan Park is important in illustrating the essential characteristics of early camping reserves.</p><br>
<p>Noosa River Caravan Park demonstrates the principal characteristics of a waterside caravan park. On a prime waterfront location with immediate access to still water, the place offers opportunities to interact with, and appreciate the natural beauty of its setting. Easily accessed by motor vehicles, and organised around a simple grid of streets and landscaping, the Park offers a range of accommodation types, which are served by a range of facilities that include ablutions blocks, barbeques and picnic areas. The range of accommodation and amenities has evolved over time to meet the changing needs of its clientele, while remaining low-scale and relatively affordable for holidaymakers.</p><br>
<p>Halse Lodge is a heritage-listed boarding house at 17 Noosa Drive, Noosa Heads, Shire of Noosa, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1880s to 1920s. It is also known as Bay View and Hillcrest Guest House. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 30 April 1997.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Halse Lodge, formerly known as Bayview, then as Hillcrest Guest House, is a two-storeyed timber guest house which was substantially rebuilt during the 1920s. The site of Halse Lodge has been associated with boarding/guest house accommodation from the early 1880s. Halse Lodge is the only guest house in Noosa Heads to survive from the 1920s and is one of few sites in south east Queensland which has operated continuously as a seaside guest house from the late nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>The land on which Bayview was erected was granted to James Forsyth, and comprised 80 acres. Title records indicate that although the land was purchased in 1871, the register was not actually signed until December 1880.</p><br>
<p>The land was transferred to Walter Hay, reputedly Forsyths cousin, in 1881. According to family records, Hay had moved into the Wide Bay district during the 1850s, and by 1867 he leased the ferry which crossed the Mary River between Maryborough and Tinana. During the late 1860s, Hay moved to Tiaro where he ran a steamer between Maryborough and Tiaro carrying goods for Gympie and Kilkivan. By 1870, a more direct route was sought for the transportation of goods into Gympie, and Hay is credited with successfully finding/marking a route from Gympie to the Noosa River and the subsequent establishment of the town of Noosa. Lands Department records indicate that the name Nusa was used on Hams map of Queensland published in 1871.</p><br>
<p>Hay acquired a large amount of land in the Tewantin-Noosa area, and by the 1880s was described as one of the largest land holders in the area. Hay placed an advertisement in the Gympie Times in March 1882, advertising that the house known as Bay View was available for letting. Situated on the South Head at the mouth of the Noosa River, Bay View was described as containing 10 rooms on five acres of fenced-in land.</p><br>
<p>During the 1890s, the property was leased to Robert Walker, then to Heinrich Walkmann. Bayview was progressively enlarged, and according to local history sources, Bayview was one of two guest houses operating in Noosa by the turn of the century; the other being Laguna House located in Hastings Street. Photographic evidence indicates that by 1900, Bayview comprised a two-storeyed timber building with a detached structure at the rear. It is assumed that this forms the basis of the present building.</p><br>
<p>Title records indicate that the property was transferred to Charles Miles of Brisbane in 1904, then to Francis Henry Atkinson (Hays half-brother) in 1910. It is understood that Hays second wife Susannah assisted Francis to run Bayview. Susannah&#39;s involvement however is not recorded on title documents, which indicate that the property was acquired by John Donovan in 1918.</p><br>
<p>Bayview was substantially rebuilt and extended during the 1920s, after which time it was known as Hillcrest Guest House. The property was subdivided in 1925; Leslie Hay acquired Sub 1 of Portion 171 which comprised just over 11.5 acres. The property was transferred to John Jones in 1929, and it is understood that the Jones and Hindmarsh families continued to run the guest house until the late 1950s.</p><br>
<p>The gradual development of Noosa as a tourist resort during the early twentieth century, increased during the 1920s as cafes and accommodation houses were erected along the beachfront (Hastings Street). The rise in car ownership, and increase in the amount of time people had available for leisure during the 1920s and 1930s meant that Noosa, like other coastal areas in south east Queensland, grew in popularity as a focal point for resort and recreation. A 1944 guest book from Hillcrest indicates that guests came from Brisbane, elsewhere in Queensland, interstate and overseas; a number of guests were sufficiently inspired by the house and its setting to record their impressions in verses and sketches.</p><br>
<p>Hillcrest Guest House was acquired by the Anglican Church in 1959, and renamed Halse Lodge, after Archbishop Reginald Halse. By this time the property included just over 2 acres of land. Between 1959 and 1988 few alterations were undertaken to the building, which was used mainly for group accommodation of up to 80 people. Halse Lodge was leased to managers in 1988.</p><br>
<p>Substantial renovations to Halse Lodge were undertaken in 1988, including the additions of a new front entry and kitchen block, demolition and erection of a new ablutions wing, refitting and re-roofing the caretaker&#39;s wing, erection of a new activity centre. Minor alterations were also undertaken to the main buildings, including reopening the verandah at the rear of the dining room, and the addition of internal doors to some of the upstairs rooms. Halse Lodge is presently operated as a guest house and has a capacity of around 60 people.</p><br>
<p>The name of the town was changed from Noosa to Noosa Heads in 1988. As a consequence of the ongoing development of Noosa Heads as a tourist resort, the Hastings Street streetscape and Noosa Heads townscape have undergone many changes, including the demolition of the timber guest houses which formerly lined the street; Laguna House was demolished in the 1960s.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Halse Lodge, a two-storeyed timber guesthouse with a hipped corrugated iron roof, is located on a northwestern rise overlooking Noosa, the Noosa River and Laguna Bay to the northwest. The building is approached via a long driveway from Noosa Drive to the west.</p><br>
<p>The building has a U-shaped plan with a south facing courtyard flanked by a two-storeyed accommodation wing to the northwest, a single-storeyed caretaker&#39;s residence wing to the southwest and a two-storeyed amenities wing to the northeast. The three wings are connected via open verandahs at ground level, and the building has concrete stumps with timber batten infill. The main entry is located centrally on the southwest, with a steep pitch projecting gable above a timber stair and timber ramp entry. The gable has paired corner posts with shaped timber brackets, and a timber batten tympanum.</p><br>
<p>The accommodation wing has verandahs to both levels on the northwest and southwest. The ground level has a timber batten balustrade, timber posts and shaped brackets, a chamferboard valance, single-skin exposed framed walls, and multi-paned and dual-paned French doors with fanlights. The first floor, accessed via a timber stair on the southwest verandah, has a weatherboard balustrade with open timber batten panels with shaped timber surrounds, timber posts, unlined raked ceilings, single-skin exposed framed walls, and dual-paned French doors with timber batten fanlights. The northeast end of the accommodation wing has the first floor at ground level, with a timber ramp access, and a verandah which has been enclosed with casement windows. The rear wall of this wing has weatherboard cladding, with casement windows with timber and corrugated iron window hoods to the first floor, and a verandah at ground level. A single-storeyed kitchen has been added to the southwest of this wing, and has weatherboard cladding, casement windows with timber and corrugated iron window hoods, concrete block stumps and contains commercial kitchen equipment.</p><br>
<p>Internally, this wing has a large dining room at ground level, and bedrooms at the first floor level. The dining room has three ante-rooms opening onto the northwest verandah, vertically jointed boarding to the walls, fibrous cement sheeting with cover strips to the ceiling and upper walls, arctic glass to the casement windows and French doors, and a timber batten arch opening to the central ante-room. The first floor contains a central corridor with rooms opening either side, and a foyer area at the northeast with a timber ramp access to the garden. Internal doors have timber batten fanlight panels, and ceilings are boarded.</p><br>
<p>The single-storeyed southwest caretaker&#39;s residence wing has weatherboard cladding, a large metal ridge ventilator, casement windows with timber and corrugated iron window hoods, and a small fenced courtyard at the rear. Internally, it has been refitted and currently contains two bedrooms, a bathroom, office, kitchenette and living area.</p><br>
<p>The two-storeyed amenities wing has weatherboard cladding and casement windows. Internally, it contains a laundry to the ground level, and bathrooms to both levels.</p><br>
<p>A high-set activity centre, with a hipped corrugated iron roof and concrete block stumps, is located to the south of the building. This structure is similar in materials and form to Halse Lodge, and has weatherboard cladding, casement windows and a verandah to the west.</p><br>
<p>The grounds contain mature trees, including a large eucalypt near the western driveway entrance, and a mango tree to the southwest of the building. A terraced driveway and turning area has been established to the south of the building, with the ground sloping steeply to an overgrown gully and creek bed to the south and southwest.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Halse Lodge was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 30 April 1997 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Substantially rebuilt during the 1920s, and still in use as a guest house, Halse Lodge maintains its association with the site of guesthouse accommodation in Noosa Heads from the 1880s. As the only extant guest house in Noosa Heads from the 1920s, Halse Lodge is indicative of early twentieth century holiday accommodation, and is important in demonstrating the pattern of the development of Noosa Heads as a tourist resort.</p><br>
<p>As the site of the former Bayview, Halse Lodge is associated with the Hay family in particular Walter Hay who was active in the settlement and development of the Noosa district from the late 1870s.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>As the only extant guest house in Noosa Heads from the 1920s, Halse Lodge is indicative of early twentieth century holiday accommodation, and is important in demonstrating the pattern of the development of Noosa Heads as a tourist resort.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Located in an elevated position overlooking Noosa Heads, this two-storyed timber building is an important landmark in the Noosa Heads townscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Halse Lodge maintains a special association with the community, evidenced by the comments in guest books at the Lodge which, over several decades have changed little in their content and express the value and special qualities which Halse Lodge holds for its visitors.</p><br>
<p>Jinniushan, is a Middle Pleistocene paleoanthropological site, dating to around 260,000 BP, most famous for its archaic hominin fossils. The site is located near Yingkou, Liaoning, China. Several new species of extinct birds were also discovered at the site.</p><br>
<h2>Jinniushan hominin</h2><br>
<p>The hominid fossils at Jinniushan all belong to one female individual. Initially, the fossils were believed to have belonged to a male specimen, since the fossils were so big. Later analysis shows that the fossil remains actually come from a female specimen.</p><br>
<h3>Size</h3><br>
<p>The Jinniushan specimen&#39;s body mass is estimated to be around 78.6 kg, making it the largest female specimen ever discovered in the fossil record. The next largest female specimen ever discovered, found at Grotte du Prince, early Late Pleistocene, from around 100,000 BP, has an estimated body mass of 74 kg.</p><br>
<p>Body size in Homo reached its maximum during the Middle Pleistocene, so the size of the Jinniushan specimen is not surprising, especially since the specimen was found at a high latitude, cold climate location. In accordance with Allens rule and Bergmanns rule, the large body, wide trunk, and short limbs of the Jinniushan female is to be expected, as the hominins from that time relied more on their physical body as a cold adaptation, as their technological culture was not yet as advanced as later hominins.</p><br>
<h3>Description</h3><br>
<p>The fossil elements at Jinniushan all belong to one female individual. The fossil remains consist of one cranium, six vertebrae (one cervical, five thoracic), one complete left os coxae, one complete left ulna, one complete left patella, two left ribs, and several hand and feet bones.</p><br>
<h3>Comparison</h3><br>
<p>The Jinniushan specimen belongs to an archaic human with mixed Homo erectus and Homo sapiens features.</p><br>
<p>The Jinniushan specimen is similar to the Dali specimen, but more gracile, which can be explained by sexual dimorphism. The cranial vault and supraorbitals of the Jinniushan specimen are thinner than those of the Dali specimen. Jinniushans external cranium is the same size as Dalis, but Jinniushan&#39;s bones are thinner, so the Jinniushan specimen has a larger brain capacity than the Dali specimen.</p><br>
<p>Both specimens have flat and broad faces, a feature shared with the specimen from Hulu Cave, Nanjing; both also share some features with the Zhoukoudian and Yunxian specimens.</p><br>
<p>Morphologically, archaic female and Neanderthal females are more similar to modern females than their male counterparts are to modern males. The similar morphologies imply that the birth mechanics of the Jinniushan hominin is probably similar to that of modern females.</p><br>
<h3>Cranial capacity</h3><br>
<p>The Jinniushan specimen&#39;s estimated cranial capacity is 1,330 cm3. The encephalization quotient (EQ) is estimated to be around 4.150. Both are typical of the rapidly increasing brain capacity and EQ found in other specimens from the Middle Pleistocene.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>Macaca robustus, Trogontherium, Megaloceros pachyosteus, Dicerorhinus mercki, and Microtus brandtioides fossils were found at Jinniushan. Several new species of extinct birds were also discovered, including Aegypius jinniushanensis and Leptoptilos lüi.</p><br>
<p>The Baiselsberg in the district of Ludwigsburg in Germany lies within the Stromberg-Heuchelberg Nature Park and, at, is the highest point of the Stromberg region.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The northeastern half of the ridge was once part of the parishes of Ochsenbach and Hohenhaslach, but since the municipal reform in Baden-Wurttemberg it has become part of Sachsenheim. The southwestern half belonged to parish of Horrheim, but is now part of Vaihingen an der Enz.</p><br>
<p>The plateau, which was formed as a result of inverted relief processes, and the slopes that descend from the west to the east and north, are mostly wooded and include the Großen Fleckenwald and Bromberg Forest (Bromberger Wald). The less steeply descending eastern slope is called the Hummelberg. Vineyards grace the steep southern slopes above Horrheim where the land has been cleared. The elongated ridge of Baiselsberg was carved out by the Kirbach stream in the north and the Metter in the south. Further southeast of the spur of Baiselsberg, the Kirbach flows from the northwest and empties into the west-east flowing Metter at Sachsenheim which eventually discharges into the River Enz at Bietigheim.</p><br>
<h2>Historical relics</h2><br>
<p>Over the summit, which lies in the municipality of Sachsenheim, runs a hiking trail, by which is a sign that says it is "the highest point in the Stromberg". Part of it runs along a former, that lead from the southeastern foot of the Baiselsberg towards Sternenfels. Around the summit itself are other historical relics:</p><br>
<p>On a spur of the northern hillside in the open field system of Schlössle is the burgstall of Bromberg Castle, built around 1200 by the edelfrei lords of Bromberg and which was reduced to ground level in 1824. Downhill can still be relics of the former castle hamlet guess Bromberg on Kirbach, of which only the first mentioned in the 12th century Bromberg mill remained.</p><br>
<p>About 300 metres south of the burgstall in a klinge running off to the northeast is the little settlement of Kelterle, which was laid out in the 19th century, clearly on the site of an older settlement. Since then, it has come to house an orphanage was home and now serves the judicial authorities.</p><br>
<p>About 500 metres south of the highest point in a clearing in the municipality of Vaihingen are the restored foundations of the convent of Baiselsberg, which was abandoned during the Reformation and subsequently demolished.</p><br>
<p>At the Heidenkopf on the southwestern hillside, prehistoric relics consisting of exceptionally large boulders have survived, that escaped the usual secondary exploitation, probably due to their weight. Speculation that they are evidence of a megalithic culture that is, as yet unknown in southern Germany, has been rejected by the Baden-Württemberg State Conservation Office.</p><br>
<p>The Alice T. Pendleton Memorial Library is the public library of Islesboro, Maine. It is located at 309 Main Road, in an architecturally distinguished Colonial Revival building built in 1917, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Previously known simply as the Islesboro Free Library, it was named in honor of Alice Pendleton, the towns first librarian and a major force in the librarys establishment.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Islesboro occupies an eponymous island in Penobscot Bay, on the central Maine coast. The island is roughly shaped as two lobes joined by a narrow isthmus. The library is located on the east side of Main Road, just north of its junction with County Road, in the northern part of the southern lobe. It is a single-story masonry structure, built out of random ashlar granite with brick trim. The main facade, facing west, is symmmetrical, with a center entrance sheltered by a Colonial Revival portico supported by groups of slender tapered Tuscan columns. The door, glassed in its upper half, is flanked by wide sidelights and topped by a low half-oval fanlight. The interior is arranged with a central circulating desk, reading rooms to either side, and book stacks in the basement and to the rear, where a cross-gabled section extends.</p><br>
<p>The library was established in 1902 by a vote of the town meeting, and was at first housed on the second floor of a local school. The inadequacy of this space prompted a drive for the construction of a more suitable home, resulting in the construction in 1917-18 of this building. Its architect is now known, nor is it known if there was an original intent that it also serve as a war memorial. Plaques in the entry commemorate the town&#39;s war dead, and the flagpole and commemorative base that stand in front of the library were placed in 1921.</p><br>
<p>Alice T. Pendleton was a professional librarian appointed the towns first librarian in 1902. She was active in building the towns collection, and in leading the effort to have a permanent home for it. Even after moving away from Islesboro in 1925, she continued to support the library, serving as assistant librarian during summer visits. The library was renamed in her honor in 1956.</p><br>
<p>The Gila County Courthouse in Globe, Arizona is a composite of classical</p><br>
<p>designs, but its dominant theme reflects the Italian Renaissance</p><br>
<p>Style as interpreted by the architect, who was probably following</p><br>
<p>the revival trend started by the World&#39;s Columbian Exposition</p><br>
<p>of 1893 in Chicago. It is a symmetrical building with pilasters</p><br>
<p>rising to an ornate frieze and cornice. Classical details are</p><br>
<p>also found above the main story windows and were along the</p><br>
<p>roofline, especially at the corners.</p><br>
<p>The building exterior is constructed of locally quarried stone.</p><br>
<p>Brick is used for interior bearing walls, and the floors and</p><br>
<p>roof are framed and sheathed in wood. The classical details,</p><br>
<p>including the frieze, cornice, and window details are of pressed</p><br>
<p>metal.</p><br>
<p>Murcielagos Island is a small island in the Sulu Sea off the coast of Zamboanga del Norte in the southern Philippine island of Mindanao. It measures over 500 m across at its widest point and is situated on an oval reef about 1.6 km in length. This low-lying island, also known locally as Baliudyong, is situated some 4.8 km north of Quipit Point on the west side of Patauag Bay in the Zamboanga municipality of Labason. It is known for its white coral-sand beaches and rich marine resources. To its west lies an islet called Bayangan Island. The two islands are collectively known as Murcielagos Islands and are administratively part of the Labason poblacion of Antonino.</p><br>
<h2>Protected area</h2><br>
<p>The island is a nesting ground for marine turtles and several migratory seabirds. The surrounding reefs support a rich marine fauna, including giant clams. It covers the 100 hectare Murcielagos Island with a buffer zone covering 151 hectare of surrounding municipal waters including Bayangan Island.</p><br>
<p>Selinog, historically known as Silino , is an island barangay in Dapitan, Zamboanga del Norte, Philippines. It is located 12.9 km off Tagolo Point, the northern entrance point to Dapitan Bay, and some 15 km east of the island of Aliguay in the Bohol Sea. The island is a flat coralline island with a land area of 78 hectare. It is surrounded by 70 hectare of coral reefs and sandy areas. According to the 2010 census, the island community has a population of 712 inhabitants.</p><br>
<p>Majority of the island&#39;s inhabitants depend on fishing for subsistence and livelihood. Recently, salt-making, basket-weaving and marine tourism were also introduced as alternative sustainable livelihoods. As a barangay, the island has a health clinic, elementary school and barangay hall.</p><br>
<p>With its white sand beaches and rich aquatic resources, Selinog was declared a marine reserve by the local government of Dapitan.</p><br>
<p>Doli Gutta is a mountain peak in the northern part of the Deccan Plateau. It is located at the border of recently created Jayashankar district in Telangana and Bijapur district in Chhattisgarh, India.</p><br>
<h2>Highest point in Telangana</h2><br>
<p>At 965 m Doli Gutta is possibly the highest mountain peak in the state of Telangana since the Chintoor and Vararamachandrapuram mandals of erstwhile Khammam district — where Pedda Konda rose to a height of 1360 m— were transferred to Andhra Pradesh. Although naturally part of Telangana, on 11 July 2014, the Lok Sabha approved a bill transferring seven mandals of Khammam district (Kukunoor, Velairpadu, Bhurgampadu, Chintoor, Kunavaram, Vararamachandrapuram and Bhadrachalam) back to Andhra Pradesh, in order to facilitate the Polavaram Irrigation project.</p><br>
<p>The Canchal de la Ceja is a 2,428 metres high mountain in Spain.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Canchal means scree; the name Ceja (literally eyebrow) comes from the peculiar shape of the snowfield located below the summit on the North face of the mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is located on the border between the provinces of Ávila and Salamanca, both belonging to Castile and León autonomous community. It&#39;s the highest peak of the mountain range called Sierra de Béjar and of Province of Salamanca.</p><br>
<p>The lakes located around the mountain are the largest in the Sierra de Gredos area.</p><br>
<h2>Access to the summit</h2><br>
<p>The shortest route to the summit starts from Plataforma del Travieso (1850 m, around 10 km from Candelario) and takes a couple of hours hiking. The North face of the mountain offers some climbing routes.</p><br>
<p>The Lac de Payolle is an artificial lake in the French Pyrenees. It is located in the communes of Campan and Arreau of the Hautes-Pyrénées department in the Midi-Pyrénées region. Its western shore is the boundary between the communes of Ancizan and Arreau. It is usually completely frozen in winter.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>It is located at the foot of the Col d&#39;Aspin at 1,139 m altitude. With an area of 10 hectare, it is filled by three mountain streams.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The lake is an important tourist resort centre: Payolle ski resort, where various activities are practiced such as mountain biking, orienteering, cross-country skiing, snowshoeing, dog sleds, horse or pony rides, paragliding, hiking, etc.</p><br>
<p>On the lake, fishing is practiced. A tourist fishing route was also laid out around the lake with gateways for fisherman, but also various watersports such as canoeing and sailing.</p><br>
<h2>Sport</h2><br>
<p>Stage 7 of the 2016 Tour de France will finish at the lake on 8 July 2016.</p><br>
<p>The Pleasant Street Historic Historic District is a historic district encompassing the historic African-American community area of Hot Springs, Arkansas. It is located just southeast of the citys famous Bathhouse Row area, centered on a four-block stretch of Pleasant Street between Jefferson and Church Streets. The 30 acre district includes 93 buildings, most of them residential. The area was developed between about 1900 and 1950, with most of the development taking place after 1920. Prominent non-residential buildings include the Visitors Chapel A.M.E. Church at 317 Church Street, and the Woodmen of Union Building, a four-story brick building on the 500 block of Malvern Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>Mill Point Settlement Site is a heritage-listed former settlement at Elanda Point at Lake Cootharaba in Como, Shire of Noosa, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to 1940s. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 April 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Mill Point Settlement Site on Lake Cootharaba contains remnants of a private "company" township based around a sawmill and sustained by timber extraction from local forests which was in operation from the late 1860s until the early 1890s.</p><br>
<p>Exploration of the timber resources in the Cooloola area commenced in the early 1860s. William Pettigrew visited the area in 1863, exploring the Noosa River and its lakes. Although Pettigrew subsequently concentrated his timber operations in northern Cooloola, he recorded quantities of hardwoods including cedar, Bunya pine, Kauri pine, Hoop pine, Cypress pine, beech, ash, tulip and yellow-wood in various locations. Cedar-getters appear to have been working in the Noosa River area by the mid-1860s. The development of the timber industry in southern Cooloola has been attributed, at least in part, to the capital injected into the area as a result of the exploitation of the gold resource at Gympie.</p><br>
<p>An application to select Portion 1 in the parish of Noosa, the land on which the Mill Point Settlement was established, was lodged by Charles Samuel Russell in March 1869. Portion 1 was later known as Cootharaba Station and fronted Lake Cootharaba. Russell, having previously visited the Noosa area and noted the "attractiveness" of land at Lake Cootharaba, formed a partnership with four men involved in mining ventures in Gympie: James McGhie, Abraham Fleetwood Luya, Frederick George Goodchap and John Woodburn. Although Russell&#39;s name is recorded as the applicant, subsequent references are made to "McGhie, Luya and Co." as the company, which established the Cootharaba Sawmills at Mill Point.</p><br>
<p>Following his arrival in Queensland in 1864, Luya had worked on various railways until 1869 when he moved to the Gympie goldfield. He established Cootharaba Sawmills, commencing a 30-year association with the sawmilling industry. Luya established McGhie, Luya and Co., merchants and sawmillers, with an office in South Brisbane. From 1888 to 1899, Luya was also the managing director of the Queensland Milling Company. Luyas involvement in Queensland and Brisbane politics included periods as MLA for South Brisbane (1888–93 and in 1899), and as Mayor of South Brisbane (1896–98). Luya died in Brisbane in July 1899. An article in the Brisbane Courier following Luyas death described him as "one of the leading business men of the city for many years".</p><br>
<p>By the end of 1869, McGhie, Luya and Co. had moved onto Portion 1. Improvements including houses and a sawmill were erected in 1870. A Mill Manager was advertised for in April 1872. Although Russell and his wife lived at Elanda Point, Russell&#39;s interest was transferred to the other partners in mid-1871.</p><br>
<p>The "second class pastoral land" of Cootharaba Station was used as a cattle property to supply meat for the sawmill companys employees and as a source of bullocks and horses to haul the companys wagons and drays.</p><br>
<p>The Mill Point Settlement was built in a swampy area on the edge of Lake Cootharaba. The swamp was progressively filled in with sawdust to create and extend the timber yards. Initially timber was taken from Portion 1 and logs were rafted down Kin Kin Creek to the lake and held in a yard by a double line of piles forming a breakwater. During later sawmill operations, timber was taken from as far away as Mount Coondoo and hauled to a tram terminus. By the early 1870s loads of timber were sent along Cootharaba Road to Gympie.</p><br>
<p>Transporting the timber was initially the most problematic aspect of the operation at Mill Point. Bullock teams became bogged in the saturated, sandy soils and Cootharaba Road had swampy sections, steep pinches and seven miles of scrub along Kin Kin and Tinana Creeks. The difficulties of Cootharaba Road were resolved with the establishment of an outlet by sea via a depot at Tewantin, which was managed by Goodchap. Flat-bottomed paddle-wheel boats known as droghers, (the "Black Swan", "Countess of Belmore" and "Elanda"), towed punts of sawn timber through Lakes Cootharaba and Cooroibah to Tewantin, where the timber was loaded onto the firm&#39;s steamer, the "S.S. Culgoa" and taken to Brisbane three times a fortnight with loads of up to 35,000 super feet of timber. The S.S. Culgoa was built in Adelaide in 1865 and used on the Darling and Murrumbidgee Rivers before acquisition by McGhie, Luya and Co. The Company established "Noosa Sawmill" at South Brisbane in the early 1880s and the S.S. Culgoa carried passengers, general cargo and sawn timber on each trip between Tewantin and Brisbane until completion of the Brisbane-Gympie railway link in 1891.</p><br>
<p>To overcome the problems with swampy, sticky, low-lying and poorly drained ground conditions at Mill Point, during the mid-1870s the Company constructed a tramway system of 3 ft gauge wooden rails, 4 by 2 inches in cross section, across the property. The wooden rails were wedged into slots on sleepers of penda and ironbark. The main tramway line ran for about a quarter of a mile in an easterly direction to the sawmill and settlement on Lake Cootharaba. To raise the tramway above the surrounding swampy country, felled melaleuca were laid with stout girders on top, sleepers were then laid at three feet intervals across the girders to secure the rails, gaps between were slabbed and filled with ballast consisting of sand and gravel from the Lake to provide traction for the bullock and horse teams. The line appears to have run through flat country except for one ridgeline, where a cutting reached the valley of Kin Kin. The line had relatively few curves and a gentle gradient from the hinterland to sea level at the lake. The terminus appears to have been bound by Eulama and Kin Kin Creeks, approximately 4 miles west of Mill Point.</p><br>
<p>A reporter for the Brisbane Courier in the mid-1870s noted that sections of the rail were "smooth as glass" and one side appeared to be wearing out faster than the other. He was told that the worn side was made from ironbark wood and needed replacing once every six months, while the penda lasted two years and even then generally did not need replacing. By 1877, only penda was being used for rails, and in 1878 the wooden rails were replaced with 16 pound steel, negating the need for constant repair.</p><br>
<p>In August 1878, the Brisbane Courier reported that the "company is preparing to lay down four miles of railway with 16 pound rails which would carry five ton wagons so logs could be hauled by three or four horses or by a small traction engine". Logs were drawn to the sawmill along the tramway on wagons pulled by draughthorse teams; the traction engine option appears never to have been used at Mill Point. The use of the tramway was certainly much faster than the original bullock dragged method where logs were dragged from where they were cut to the sawmill for processing. It has been suggested that the Company was persuaded to establish the expensive tramway, at just under £300 per mile, to overcome the difficulties of inducing teams to work at Mill Point. However, at its peak a total of nine bullock and horse teams were employed at Mill Point. In December 1873, McGhie advertised for six bullock teams to draw cedar logs guaranteeing two years work. In late 1874, 100 men were reported as employed there and in 1878, McGhie, Luya & Co. advertised for teams, emphasising the constant work. The establishment of the tramway also provided certainty for McGhie, Lyua & Co. During periods of wet weather, bullock teams were generally unable to work, but the tramway teams could operate continually. Loading the felled timber onto the tramway wagons was done by using a winch on a trolley that was anchored to the tramway.</p><br>
<p>Five men were killed at the sawmill as the result of a boiler explosion on 29 July 1873. One man was killed instantly with another four men subsequently dying of injuries received as a result of standing near the boiler. Four of the five men died at Mill Point and were buried in the cemetery. The fifth, Patrick Molloy, died after great suffering on 10 September in Gympie Hospital and was buried in the Gympie cemetery (his hearse overturning on route to the cemetery). The explosion was attributed to a weakness in the boiler rather than as a result of careless operation. The explosion was one of a number that occurred in Queensland that year and an inquest into safety ensued. Following the inquest, regulations covering the design of valves on steam boilers were tightened, and boiler operators needed a certificate to operate.</p><br>
<p>During the early period of its establishment the settlement was known as "Kin Kin Sawmills" however it was subsequently known as "Cootharaba Sawmill" or "Cootharaba Village Settlement". It has been known locally as both "Mill Point" and "Elanda Point" since the early 20th century. In 1871, the population of the settlement was 22 people. In May 1873, in preparation for a visit by Governor Normanby, an account of a visit by a journalist records "Leaving the works and passing to the rear we found a regular little township of workmens houses and others directly connected with the establishment, a good store, well- equipped, conducted by the owners, a butchers shop, and there seemed nothing wanting to complete the comfort of all connected with the establishment".</p><br>
<p>The Cootharaba School was established at the settlement and opened in August 1874 with an enrolment of 16 students. For the period of its operation the sawmill and associated settlement was a Company enterprise, and the only external employee was the school teacher. The sawmill proprietors provided a school building, including a library, reading room and grounds. The school also served as a community hall. In a report to Parliament in 1875, the school was described as a comfortable building with a verandah near the shores of Lake Cootharaba, better equipped than most schools in the colony.</p><br>
<p>A hotel operated from 1876 until 1878, when the building was destroyed by fire. Community life included picnics, excursions and sports days. For example, New Years Day in 1877 was celebrated with a cricket match, sawmill hands versus timber-getters and bullock-drivers.</p><br>
<p>A cemetery was established at the Cootharaba Settlement and 43 burials are recorded between 1873 and 1891, comprising 9 men, 4 women and 30 children. The first burials included four of the five men who were injured in the boiler explosion of 29 July 1873. Children buried in the cemetery died of causes such as lung problems, wasting, thrush, convulsions and drowning. The cemetery was never officially gazetted, being a private cemetery on privately owned land. Vera Grady (née Crang) who lived on a later dairy farm in the area during the early 1900s remembered 11 grave markers at the cemetery during the 1920s. Several of the grave markers have since been collected by relatives and concerned locals and are held in the local Elanda Point Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service office. With their removal from original positions and no official record of burial locations, there is no reliable way to identify who was buried where in the cemetery. A single headstone is located in the Museum at Gympie.</p><br>
<p>During the 1880s, at the height of the sawmill&#39;s operations, it is estimated that there were between 100 and 150 employees and their families living at the sawmill and settlement.</p><br>
<p>From the mid-1880s, a series of events led to the eventual decline and closure of the sawmill complex in the early 1890s. The Queensland Government&#39;s introduction of royalties in 1884, intended to control wasteful cutting and competition from imported timbers, reduced the output of local sawmills and kept the price of timber down. These timber regulations were part of the provisions of the 1884 Crown Lands Act, forestry then being under the control of the Department of Public Lands. This Act established the system of perpetual leasehold and was the product of the philosophy of the new liberal government of Griffith that the state should get a return from the private use of public resources. The new Minister for Lands, Dutton, saw the royalty as the timber equivalent of a pastoral rent. Opposition was intense, especially since the royalty was seen to give an unfair advantage to imports. By the early 1890s the softwood resources in the vicinity of the sawmill were nearing exhaustion, having been exploited for 20 years. Completion of the Brisbane-Gympie railway link in July 1891 ended the need for a ship and coach service between Brisbane and Gympie via Tewantin. The S.S. Culgoa was wrecked on the Noosa River bar in 1891 and the sawmill finally closed in 1892. The sawmill itself was eventually demolished and materials were reused or left to fall down during the subsequent use as farm land.</p><br>
<p>In 1891, Luya attempted to establish a "village settlement" on Portion 1, offering leases of 40 acre blocks to prospective farmers. Eleven families moved onto the blocks in March that year and by November over half had left the area as the land proved unfit for cultivation, being either too wet or too sandy. Dairy farmers moved into the area in the early 20th century, but dairy farming was not successful either. This was partly due to the swampy country and the deficiencies of trace elements in the soil. A chimney remains as evidence of where the main dairy farmhouse stood near the former settlement of Mill Point. This chimney appears to date from the time of the sawmill and was adapted and reused during the farming period at the site.</p><br>
<p>Title records indicate that the property and its subsequent subdivisions changed ownership a number of times until it was transferred to the Queensland Government in 1983. The Mill Point area was gazetted as part of Cooloola National Park in 1985 (later becoming part of the Great Sandy National Park).</p><br>
<p>A commemorative plaque was laid at the site in 1988 near the junction of a walking track from the Elanda Point camping ground to the south and tramway formation to the west.</p><br>
<p>Australian poet Judith Wright visited the Mill Point cemetery and wrote a poem, first published in 1956, about life as she imagined it at the settlement during the late 1800s. The poem entitled Graves at Mill Point was written about the life of a man from the settlement known as Alfred Watt. In fact, Alfred was one of the first infants to be buried at the cemetery in 1874 at the tender age of four months and 20 days.</p><br>
<p>The local branch of the National Trust of Queensland erected a stone on 24 April 1993 bearing the inscription, In memory of the European settlers buried at Mill Point Cemetery, and engraved with the names of persons buried at the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>On 22 June 2004, six interpretive signs, designed by QPWS Elanda Point and Noosa Shire Council, were installed at key locations around the site describing some of its rich history.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<h3>Tramway</h3><br>
<p>The main tramway extends from the settlement area in a curving arc westward. The heritage register boundary extends 5m either side of the middle of the tramway mound. Sections of the original rail remain in situ near the settlement site. Much of the remaining tramway is used as vehicle access. The tramway extends off the National Park into neighbouring properties, but its full extent has yet to be accurately mapped.</p><br>
<h3>Cemetery</h3><br>
<p>The Mill Point cemetery is located 2 km west of the settlement area and the boundary forms a square extending from the 1993 memorial stone and interpretive signage in the south a further 200m north and is 80m wide. The eastern boundary is defined by dense revegetation undertaken in mid-late 1990s by QPWS, which is encroaching into the cemetery area and make identification of the full extent of the cemetery difficult. A ploughed field that has also been revegetated by QPWS, although more recently, defines the eastern boundary. Originally there were grave markers at the cemetery, however, these markers have gradually been removed over the years. The base of one headstone remains at the cemetery and has "Petrie, Brisbane" engraved on it (the Petrie family of Brisbane carried out a business of monumental masonry). Some graves at the cemetery are recognisable by slight depressions in the ground. 15 depressions were mapped in 2004 and are believed to be the probable location of graves. They align in at least 2 rows and are generally orientated east-west as was typical of burial styles in the late 19th century.</p><br>
<h3>Settlement area/Sawmill proper</h3><br>
<p>The settlement area boundary extends from the dairy farmhouse (described separately below) through to the shores of Lake Cootharaba and 150m into Lake Cootharaba itself. The area consists of a section of mounded tramway raised above the melaleuca swamp, which extends for approximately 150m to the shore of Lake Cootharaba. Evidence that the area was once a thriving town is provided by the rich archaeological remains. Most identifiable of these remains are the numerous handmade bricks concentrated under a large fig tree which is less than 80 years old. The bricks were made by many different people (this includes people from the company as well as outsiders) as evidenced in the numerous "frogs" (indentations in bricks indicating their manufacturer). A large metal boiler dating to the time of the mill stands near the fig tree. Although of the correct period, it is unclear if this boiler comes from the site and is not in situ. The remains of a second boiler are located within Lake Cootharaba and could be related to the 1873 boiler explosion. The remains of the tramway abutment are also located near the fig tree. All that remains above ground level are a number of metal rods and two thick pieces of timber. Two metal pipes extend from beneath the fig tree into Lake Cootharaba and are thought to be related to transporting water from the Lake to the boilers. Between the farmhouse and the shores of Lake Cootharaba are the remains of 20th century yards with hundreds of wooden fence and rail posts. Cecil Potts (a former owner) erected cattle yards in the mid-1940s. Some of the fence posts still have the remains of a three-pronged, handmade barbed wire threaded through the rail holes. Recorded artefacts include numerous pieces of metal (including rose-headed nails, files and saddle buckles), ceramics (including plates, mugs and childrens toys), glass (including broken pieces of bottle), and bricks (including different frogs such as "J. Petrie", "CLYDE" and PATON&#39;).</p><br>
<h3>Lake Cootharaba</h3><br>
<p>The Lake Cootharaba boundary extends from the modern shoreline out into the lake 150m. On the surface and embedded in the lakebed are archaeological remains including bricks, sawn timber, glass, ceramics and metal. The location of pylons from the jetties and wharves associated with the operation of the mill remain in place as large, round stumps. A large metal tram wheel is also located within the waters of the lake.</p><br>
<h3>Dairy farmhouse</h3><br>
<p>The dairy farmhouse is located 350m west of the settlement area. A large, rendered brick chimney is all that remains of the farmhouse, a feature that probably survives from sawmill times. The brick chimney is surrounded by a fence that was erected by QPWS to limit access to the chimney by visitors to the Park and for public health and safety. Three concrete steps are associated with the brick chimney that originally led into the house, but now go nowhere. The concrete is very coarse and of a poor quality. There is a garden associated with the farmhouse that contains a number of historic plantings including crepe myrtles, guavas and bougainvillea. Two mango trees were planted in 1924 by Vera Grady (née Crang), whose family owned and worked the property as a dairy. Near the mango trees is the original brick-lined well dating to the sawmill period. John Crang built a wooden cover for the well that was hinged in the middle in the 1920s, this has since been replaced with a metal ring plate and a wooden platform completely enclosing the well. A windmill, also built by John Crang is associated with the well. The four large timber posts around the windmill were erected by Cecil Potts. A plaque erected in 1993 is located at the junction of a walking track from the Elanda Point camping area to the south and tramway formation to the west.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Mill Point Settlement Site was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 April 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Mill Point Settlement Site is important in demonstrating part of the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history, being associated with the development of the timber industry in the late 19th century. As remnant evidence of a substantial timber extraction and timber processing enterprise and timber settlement in the Cooloola area from 1869 to 1892, it is important in illustrating the pattern of settlement in the Noosa hinterland. It was one of the first and most successful timber mills in the Cooloola area and played an important role in legislative reform in the boiler industry in terms of health and safety following the boiler explosion of 1873.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The survival of extensive remnant material associated with the tramway, the cemetery, dairy area, jetties and wharves at Mill Point, including surface and sub-surface archaeological deposits to a depth of at least 2m below ground level, has the potential to reveal further information about 19th and 20th century life and burial practices at a company timber town in rural Queensland, and about timber extraction and processing.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Mill Point Settlement Site has social significance to the local Boreen Point/Noosa community.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Mill Point Settlement Site has a particular association with the work of McGhie and Luya who were influential in the development of rural southeast Queensland through the development of company towns and involvement in the gold rushes.</p><br>
<p>Reo Purgyil, sometimes known as Leo Pargial and Leo Pargil, is a mountain peak at the southern end of the Zanskar Range in the Western Himalaya area of the Himalayas. It is located on the Himachal Pradesh/Tibetan border in the Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh, India.</p><br>
<h2>Highest point in Himachal Pradesh</h2><br>
<p>At 6,816 m Reo Purgyil is the highest mountain peak in the state of Himachal Pradesh. Geologically the peak is a dome structure and is part of a great massif that rises above the Satluj River (Sutlej) and overlooks the western valley of Tibet. The Spiti River, a right hand tributary of the Satluj, drains the northern face of the massif.</p><br>
<p>The highest peak is often obscured by clouds and is located about 2 km to the south of Peak 6791, a well known slightly shorter twin with a height of 6,791 m.</p><br>
<p>Nako village is located on the slopes of the mountain, close to the India-Tibet border.</p><br>
<p>The Vermont Historic District is a national historic district located in downtown Vermont, Illinois. The district encompasses the commercial core of the village around Vermonts public square and along Main Street to the north; it includes 30 buildings, 23 of which are contributing buildings. The buildings in downtown Vermont functioned as the villages shopping and entertainment district as well as the home of fraternal halls such as the Vermont Masonic Hall. While commercial development in Vermont began in the 1840s, the oldest surviving building in the district dates to circa 1858; the building has a Greek Revival design, as was common among Vermonts early commercial buildings. A major building boom took place in the late 1860s and 1870s due to the villages rising population and railroad service; most buildings from this period have Italianate designs. Another building boom in the late 1880s and early 1890s brought several new Late Victorian buildings to the district. After the turn of the century, a number of Commercial style buildings were constructed as well.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 24, 1997.</p><br>
<p>The East Waterford School is a historic one-room schoolhouse located at the junction of North Dickson Mounds Road and East Prairie Road in Waterford Township, Fulton County, Illinois. The school was built in 1907 to replace an 1856 building which had burned down earlier in the year. While it was still a traditional one-room rural school building, the new school added several modern features which made it relatively progressive for its time and setting. While it was still a frame building like its predecessor, the new school had a brick veneer, making it both more durable and visually appealing. The interior featured a heating plant in the basement with an indoor staircase and a cloakroom which was separate from the classroom, both of which were newer developments for small schools at the time.</p><br>
<p>The schoolhouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 10, 2009.</p><br>
<p>Rasa Island is a flat coral island in the Sulu Sea just off the coast of the municipality of Narra in Palawan, Philippines. It is a shallow island surrounded by mangroves and tidal flats containing one of the country&#39;s last remaining coastal forests. The island is home to the largest population of the endemic and critically endangered Philippine cockatoo in the wild in the Philippines. It was declared a protected area in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Rasa Island is a large irregular mangrove swamp on a coral reef that extends about 640 m beyond the island at its southwest and northeast ends. Only one-third of the island is permanently dry with the remaining two-thirds exposed to the occasional tides. To its north lie Arena Island and other small coralline islands on the coast of Aborlan. To the south across the Mantaquin Bay are Linda and Emelina islands.</p><br>
<p>Rasa Island is administered as part of the Narra barangay of Panacan. It is just 3 km north of the Narra poblacion and approximately 90 km south of Palawan&#39;s provincial capital, Puerto Princesa.</p><br>
<h2>Biodiversity</h2><br>
<p>Rasa Island is a natural habitat of the globally threatened Philippine cockatoo, known locally as katala and also known as the red-vented cockatoo, a parrot species endemic to the Philippines. In order to protect this bird species whose number dropped sharply from as many as 4,000 in 1994 to only about 1,000 in 2001 due to illegal poaching and rapid deforestation of its coastal environment, the Philippine government declared the whole island and surrounding waters a bird sanctuary known as Rasa Island Wildlife Sanctuary. The bird sanctuary is now administered by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources in partnership with the Philippine Cockatoo Conservation Program of the Katala Foundation. Former poachers from the Tagbanua community of Narra now serve as the island&#39;s deputized wildlife wardens.</p><br>
<p>A number of other endemic birds have also been observed in the island such as the blue-headed racket-tail, grey imperial pigeon, Chinese egret and Mantanani scops owl. Its waters also host a significant population of green sea turtles, hawksbill sea turtles and dugongs. Apart from mangroves, Ipil trees also grow on the island.</p><br>
<p>The Lincoln House is a historic house on Maine State Route 86 in Dennysville, Maine. Built in 1787, it is the communitys oldest standing structure, built during the earliest period of its settlement for Theodore Lincoln, the son of proprietor Benjamin Lincoln who oversaw the areas settlement. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Lincoln House is located on the northwest side of Maine state Route 86, overlooking the Dennys River at the northern fringe of the town&#39;s dispersed village center. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, five bays wide, with a side gable roof, central chimney, clapboard siding, and fieldstone foundation. The central entrance is simply framed, with a triangular pediment above. First-floor windows are topped by small entablatured lintels, while the second-floor windows have plain lintels butted against the cornice. A period ell extends north from the rear of the building, joining the house to a larger single-story 20th-century ell.</p><br>
<p>The area that is now Dennysville was part of a grant of 10,000 acres granted to a group of Massachusetts proprietors led by American Revolutionary War general Benjamin Lincoln. In 1786 Lincoln sent his son Theodore and a group of settlers to the region, and this house was built for the younger Lincoln the following year. It was built by Hingham, Massachusetts builder Joshua Chubbuck, and was the first frame house built in what is now Dennysville. Notable visitors to the house include John James Audubon, whose wife stayed with the Lincolns in 1833 while he went to Labrador. A later resident was Anna Maxwell Brown, an opera singer for the D&#39;Oyle Care Opera Company, who married into the Lincoln family.</p><br>
<p>Stouronisi  or Styronisi  is a small island in the Euboean Sea. It is located in the South Euboean Gulf opposite Styra. It is the largest island of a small island complex comprising 7 islets and rocks. Τhe island has an area about 2 km. Stouronisi has recently become known because of some plans of the Greek government for a development of a high-class summer resort in the island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In antiquity, the island was named Aigileia and was referred by Herodotus. The Euboean Sea is an important passage for the ships, so around the coasts of Stouronisi, some ancient wrecks have been found. The submarine exploration of one wreck have been shot in an awarded documentary. The most notable ancient wreck belongs to Hellenistic era. During Greek War of Independence the island was used as shelter of Greek guerillas. Odysseas Androutsos and Nikolaos Krieziotis turned to the island those years. Today the island is uninhabited but the Greek government has plans for the conversion of the island into a high-class summer resort.</p><br>
<p>The Quapaw–Prospect Historic District is a predominantly residential historic district on the northwest side of Hot Springs, Arkansas. It covers a roughly nine-block stretch of Quapaw and Prospect Streets, from their junction in the east to Grand Avenue in the west, including properties on streets running between the two. The area was developed between about 1890 and 1950, and contains a cross-section of architectural styles popular in that period. Although Colonial Revival and Craftsman style houses dominate the area, it has a particularly fine collection of Queen Anne Victorians as well.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. Four properties that are included in the district were previously listed on the National Register: they are the Walter Beauchamp House, the Williams-Wootton House, the William H. Martin House, and the Charles N. Rix House.</p><br>
<p>CSR Yarraville is an operating sugar refinery at Whitehall Street, Yarraville, City of Maribyrnong, Victoria, Australia. It was built from 1872 to 1980s. It is also known as Colonial Sugar Refining Company Refinery of Yarraville. It was added to the Victorian Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The CSR Refinery at Yarraville was erected by the Colonial Sugar Refinery Company in 1872. Founded in Sydney in 1855, the Colonial Sugar Refining Company (now CSR Limited) has come to dominate the Australian and South Pacific sugar industry.</p><br>
<p>Attempts at growing sugar cane had been made in Queensland prior to separation of the colony, however it was Captain Louis Hope&#39;s success in the 1860s which saw government encouragement of the growing of sugar cane in the colony. Plantations developed in the Cleveland, Beenleigh, and Caboolture districts and new areas along the coast quickly opened up including by the 1870s in the Maryborough, Bundaberg, and Mackay districts with sugar refining beginning on a small scale with the opening of the Yengarie sugar mill near Maryborough in 1873 and later the Millaquin refinery at Bundaberg in 1882. By 1874, Queensland was exporting sugar to other Australian colonies. By the 1880s sugar was being grown further north in the Burdekin River, Herbert River, and Cairns districts. Moreover, encouraged by Queensland Premier Thomas McIlwraith, southern capital and advanced technology was beginning to reach northern plantations. The most important of these southern companies was the Colonial Sugar Refining Company who acquired large tracts of land for the cultivation of sugar in the Mackay district and established 3 large mills in North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>To serve the growing Australian cities, CSR erected a chain of refineries around Australias capital cities by the late 19th century, with Melbourne (Yarraville; purchased ), Sydney (Pyrmont 1878 which became the largest in Australia), Adelaide (Glanville 1891), and Brisbane. The Perth refinery was added in 1930. These dispersed plants were necessary because the refined product would otherwise be contaminated by sea voyages if distributed from the growing areas. CSRs monopoly was defended through the imposition of prohibitive intercolonial import duties on sugar products (in particular increases in taxes on syrup and molasses in the late nineteenth century) which would otherwise have had substantially compromised CSR&#39;s share in the golden syrup market in Queensland. The establishment of a local refinery enabled the company to compete in the protected refined sugar markets.</p><br>
<p>Technological advances in the refining process in the mid nineteenth century transformed sugar from a luxury item to a staple food and saw a corresponding dramatic increase in the consumption of sugar in western countries. the Colonial Sugar Refinery company established a number of works around Australia and NEw Zealand, of which the Melbourne site was the first to be developed on the already established Joshua Brothers Company refinery of 1873, which was constructed to compete with the rival Victoria Sugar Company, a sub-company of the Colonial Sugar Refining Company. The Victorian Sugar Company Refinery (built c. 1857) burnt down in 1875, so CSR took over the Joshua Bros. Yarraville site. CSR established a sugar refining monopoly in the South Pacific, which continued into the 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The CSR Sugar Refinery Complex comprises buildings dating from three main periods: 1870s, 1900s and 1910s. The original five storey bluestone and brick pan house and brick stores face the sugar wharf on the Maribyrnong River. The former Packing Station, (now drier station) was constructed c.1913, while the Cistern House and Char Ends construction from the 1870s to the 1930s employ a proprietary prefabricated iron or steel frame The Pan House formed the original refinery building and was constructed to a design of Thomas Watt in 1872-73. Other structures include the Retail Packing Station; c.1880 with its distinctive timber framed structural system; the former Melting House, 1902 which has a prefabricated cast iron internal frame; the Golden Syrup and Treacle Packing Store, 1880s with cast iron columns and timber beams, which housed a CSR designed Golden Syrup filling machine; and the Power House with gas engines and generators.</p><br>
